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Lecture#02 03

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Lecture#02 03

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abdullahsnap1919
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Programming Fundamentals

CS-111
(4 CrH = 3 Theory 1 Lab)
Lecture No. 2&3

Department of Computational Sciences


The University of Faisalabad (TUF)
Course Modules
• Functional C++ (Procedural)
– Basic Concepts
– Incremental (Sequential, Selective, Iterative)
– Functions
– Arrays
– Pointers
– Structures
• Object Oriented C++
– Class and Object Concepts
– File Handling
Necessary Code for C++ in Every Program

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
// write here your statement1;
// write here your statement2;
// write here your statement3;
// and so on …
return 0;
Today’s Lecture Agenda….
• Variables
• Operators
Programming in C++

Some important things you must


memorized before starting
programming in C++
• Syntax:
Rules and regulations for writing the
code of any programming language is called
Syntax of that language.
• Case sensitive:
C++ is case sensitive means you can’t
use capital “M” when you write main() like:
main() ≠ Main()
What is Syntax and constructs
of a programming language?
• Rules and regulation of writing any
code statement of a programming
language is called syntax.
• There are different constructs in a
programming language and every
construct has its own syntax.
• For example: the fowling are the
constructs in C++:
• variable; if; for; while; condition;
functions etc;
Variables (Named Memory)
• A variable is a location in
computer memory where a value
can be stored
• Variable Declaration
1. Variable type
2. Variable name (identifier)
• Storing Values in Variables
– = (Assignment Operator)
– Input Run Time ( cin>>)
• Capacity of Variable
• Scope of a Variable
Syntax for Variable declaration
1. datatype space identifier semicolon
e.g. int a;

2. datatype space identifier comma identifier


semicolon
e.g. int a, b;

3. datatype space identifier comma identifier


comma identifier semicolon
e.g. int a, b, c;
Syntax for Variable declaration
and initialization (assigning value)
1. datatype space identifier space = space value semicolon
e.g. int a = 5;
Plz reserve RAM location and keep its name “a”
and also store 5 in this location
2. datatype space identifier space = space value
comma identifier semicolon
e.g. int a = 5, b;

3. datatype space identifier space = space value


comma identifier space = space value
semicolon
e.g. int a = 3, b = 2;
Variables
• Every variable has two parts:
1. Variable type
2. Variable name (identifier)

• int a;
• float x;
• char abc;
• Storing character value in abc
variable
abc = ‘z’ ;
• This process is known as Variable
Declaration
Giving Names to Variables
• Following rules should follow for naming
the variables:
1. Upper case, lower case letters and
digits(0 to 9)
2. Underscore(_) can also be used
3. Name must start with a letter or
underscore
4. Keywords cannot be used as variable
name i.e. return,int, void etc.
Keywords
Variables
• Variables must be declared before
they are used in a program
Assigning Values
RAM
100

int abc; 101


102
abc=10; 100
10
abc103
abc=100; 104
105
int abc=10;
106
Assigning Values
RAM
100

int abc; 101


102
cin>>abc;
abc103
104
105

106
Displaying Values
RAM
100

101
int abc=10;
102
cout<<abc; 103

cout<<“abc=”<<abc; 104

abc105 10
106
Assigning Wrong type Values
RAM
100

int abc=10.545; 101


102
103
104

abc 105 10
106
• Swapping of variables
• #include<iostream>
• #include<conio>
• int main(){
• int x,y,temp;
• cin>>x>>y;
• temp=x;
• x=y;
• y=temp;
• cout<<x<<endl<<y;
• return 0;
• }
Variables Types
Keyword Range Bytes of
Low High Memory
char -128 127 1
short -32,768 32768 2
int -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647 4
long -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647 4
float 3.4*10-38 3.4*1038 4
double 1.7*10-308 1.7*10308 8
long 3.4*10-4932 3.4*104932 10
double
Using Character
• #include<iostream>
• #include<conio>
• int main(){
• char x;
• x=‘A’;
• cout<<x;
• getch();
• return 0;
• }

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