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3 views

chapter-9

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alikn9426
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 9

Introduction To Data Link Layer


The Internet is a combination of networks glued together
by connecting devices (routers or switches). If a packet
is to travel from a host to another host, it needs to pass
through these networks.
Communication at the data-link layer
Nodes And Links
• Communication at the data-link layer is node-to-
node. A data unit from one point in the Internet
needs to pass through many networks (LANs and
WANs) to reach another point. Theses LANs and
WANs are connected by routers.
Services
• The data-link layer is located between the
physical and the network layers. The data link
layer provides services to the network layer; it
receives services from the physical layer.

• When a packet is travelling in the Internet, the


data-link layer of a node (host or router) is
responsible for delivering a datagram to the
next node in the path.
Framing
• The first service provided by the data-link
layer is framing. The data-link layer at each
node needs to encapsulate the datagram
(packet received from the network layer) in a
frame before sending it to the next node.

• A packet at the data-link layer is normally


called a frame.
Flow Control
• Data link layer is responsible for flow control
during transmission of data. Flow control is a
technique that controls the rate of data
transmission between the sender and receiver.
Error Control
• At the sending node, a frame in a data-link layer needs
to be changed to bits, transformed to electromagnetic
signals, and transmitted through the transmission
media. At the receiving node, electromagnetic signals
are received, transformed to bits, and put together to
create a frame. Since electromagnetic signals are
affected to error, a frame is affected to error.
Congestion Control
• Although a link may be congested with
frames, which may result in frame loss, most
data-link-layer protocols do not directly use a
congestion control to alleviate congestion,
although some wide-area networks
Sub layers Of Data Link
Link Layer Addressing
Three Types of addresses
• Some link-layer protocols define three types of
addresses: unicast, multicast, and broadcast.
Unicast Address
• Each host or each interface of a router is assigned
a unicast address. Unicasting means one-to-one
communication. A frame with a unicast address
destination is destined only for one entity in the
link.
A3:34:45:11:92:F1
Multicast Address
• Some link-layer protocols define multicast
addresses. Multicasting means one-to-many
communication. However, the jurisdiction is
local (inside the link).
Broadcast Address
• Some link-layer protocols define a broadcast
address. Broadcasting means one-to-all
communication. A frame with a destination
broadcast address is sent to all entities in the
link.
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
• The ARP protocol is one of the auxiliary
protocols defined in the network layer, It
belongs to the network layer, but we discuss it
in this chapter because it maps an IP address
to a logical-link address.
• ARP accepts an IP address from the IP
protocol, maps the address to the
corresponding link-layer address, and passes it
to the data-link layer
ARP Position
ARP Operation

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