JAVA INTRODUCTION AND

OVERVIEW

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What is Programming?
• Programming is the process of writing an algorithm into a sequence of computer
instructions. Or you can simply say it is the process of writing programs.
• The process of transforming the solution of a specific problem into computer
language.
• Programming requires skill, logical thinking and lots of experience.

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Who is a Programmer?
• Programmers are the person who writes programs in a specific computer
programming language.
• They are highly skilled, hard working, problem solvers.
• The world’s first programmer was Ada Lovelace. She was widely known for her
work on Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine

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Classification of Programming Languages
• Different languages have different purposes. Some types are:
• Machine languages, that are interpreted directly in hardware
• Assembly languages, that are thin wrappers over a corresponding machine language
• High-level languages, that are anything machine-independent
• System languages, that are designed for writing low-level tasks, like memory and process
management
• Scripting languages, that are generally extremely high-level and powerful
• Domain-specific languages, that are used in highly special-purpose areas only
• Visual languages, that are non-text based
• Esoteric languages, that are not really intended to be used, but are very interesting, funny, or
educational in some way

• These types are not mutually exclusive: Perl is both high-level and scripting; C is considered both high-level
and system.
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Assembler Vs Compiler Vs Interpreter
• Compiler :
Compilers are used to convert high level languages (like C, C++ ) into
machine code .
– Example : gcc , Microsoft Visual Studio
• Assembers :
Assembler are used to convert assembly language code into machine code.
– Examples : List of assembler
• Interpreter :
An interpreter is a computer program which executes a statement directly
(at runtime).
– Examples: python , LISP

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Programming paradigms
• There are many different approaches to computer programming. These are called programming paradigms.
• Different approaches develop solutions to problems using programs using different paradigms.

• Even though most of the programming languages come under

one paradigm type, certain languages show elements related to
different paradigms.
• There are a number of programming languages. There are
differences among different programming language types.

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Imperative Programming
• Imperative programming is the style of programming in which there is a sequence of statements that
change the state of the program.

Example : • The state of the total variable changed from 0 in the beginning of the program,
var total = 0; to 6 before the print function.
var a = 1;
var b = 5; • Imperative programming says how to do something. An example - the process
total = a + b of baking a cake.
print total;
• The program says how to do something in the correct sequence it should be
done, therefore order of execution (the order in which each statement is
executed) is important

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Declarative Programming
• Declarative programming is a programming paradigm … that expresses the
logic of a computation without describing its control flow.
– Examples would be HTML, XML, CSS, SQL, Prolog, Haskell, F#and
Lisp.
• Declarative code focuses on building logic of software without actually
describing its flow. You are saying what without adding how.
– For example with HTML you use <img src="./image.jpg" />
– To tell browser to display an image and you don’t care how it does
• Imperative:that.
C, C++, Java
• Declarative: SQL, HTML
• (Can Be) Mix: JavaScript, C#, Python

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OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING - OOP
• Object Oriented Programming is a popular methodology of programming any application.
• Java, is an Object Oriented Programming language.
• It allows users create the objects that they want and then create methods to handle those objects.
• Manipulating these objects to get results is the goal of Object Oriented Programming
• Object Oriented programming is a programming paradigm that is associated with the concept of Class and
Objects
• The four principles of object-oriented programming are,
1. Encapsulation
2. Abstraction
3. Inheritance
4. Polymorphism.

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OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING - OOP
• OOP is designed in such a way that one should focus on an object while
programming and not the procedure.
• An object can be anything that we see around us.
• Object oriented programming brings programming close to real life, as we are
always dealing with an object, performing operations on it, using it's methods
and variables etc.

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WHY OOPS
1. OOP provides a clear modular structure for programs
2. OOP makes it easy to maintain and modify existing code
3. OOP provides a good framework for code libraries where supplied software components
can be easily adapted and modified by the programmer.
4. Code Reusability
5. It is suitable for real world problems and real world works
6. OOPs lets the coder to change the implementation of an object without affecting any
other code. (Encapsulation)
7. OOPs lets the coder to think about what should be exposed to the outside world and
what should be hidden. (Abstraction)
8. OOPs allows the coder to have many different functions, all with the same name, all
doing the same job, but on different data. (Polymorphism)
9. OOPs lets the coder to write a set of functions, then expand them in different direction
without changing or copying them in any way. (Inheritance)
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OOP - CLASS
• A class is a template or blueprint that is used to create objects.
• The class is a group of similar entities.
• A class consists of Data members and methods.
• The member functions determine the behavior of the class, i.e. provide a definition for supporting various
operations on data held in the form of an object.
• It is only an logical component and not the physical entity.
– For example, if you had a class called “Expensive Cars” it could have objects like Mercedes,
BMW, Toyota, etc. Its properties(data) can be price or speed of these cars. While the methods
may be performed with these cars are driving, reverse, braking etc.

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OOP - OBJECTS
• In real-world an entity that has state and its behavior is known as an object.
• In terms of object-oriented programming, software objects also have a state and behavior.

For Example:
• A Car is an object. It has states (name, color,
model) and its behavior (changing gear,
applying brakes).
• A Pen is an object. Its name is Parker; color is
silver etc. known as its state. It is used to
write, so writing is its behavior.

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OOP - OBJECTS
• An object can be defined as an instance of a class, and
there can be multiple instances of a class in a program.
• An Object contains both the data and the function,
which operates on the data.

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OOP - ENCAPSULATION

• Encapsulation is the technique used to implement abstraction in object-oriented

programming. Encapsulation is used for access restriction to class members and
methods.
• Enclosing one or more details from outside world (Private) through access rights.
• Other objects don’t have direct access to this state. Instead, they can only call a
list of public functions — called methods
• The object manages its own state via methods — and no other class can touch it
unless explicitly allowed.
• If you want to communicate with the object, you should use the methods provided.
• But (by default), you can’t change the state

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OOP - Encapsulation

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OOP - Encapsulation
• The “state” of the cat is the private variables mood, hungry and energy. It also
has a private method meow(). It can call it whenever it wants, the other classes
can’t tell the cat when to meow.
• What they can do is defined in the public methods sleep(), play() and feed().
• Each of them modifies the internal state somehow and may invoke meow(). Thus,
the binding between the private state and public methods is made.
• This is encapsulation.

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OOP - ABSTRACTION
• Abstraction can be thought of as a natural extension of encapsulation
• Abstraction is the concept of hiding the internal details (implementation) and describing things
in simple terms.
• Revealing relevant/necessary information and hiding the unwanted information is abstraction.
• Object-oriented design, programs are often extremely large.
• And separate objects communicate with each other a lot. So maintaining a large codebase like
this for years — with changes along the way — is difficult.
• Abstraction is a concept aiming to ease this problem
EXAMPLE
• In a mobile phone, dialing a number would call some method internally which will concatenate
the numbers and displays it on screen but, we don’t know what is happening internally.
• When you tap on the call option, it is sending signals to other person’s mobile(whom you are
trying to call) but we are unaware of it’s implementation.

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OOP - ABSTRACTION
• You interact with your phone by using only a few buttons. But implementation details are hidden.
• Only a short set of actions are known.
• Implementation changes —
for example, a software
update — rarely affect the
abstraction you use.

Cell phones are complex. But using them is simple.

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OOP - POLYMORPHISM
• Polymorphism means “many shapes” in Greek.
• Polymorphism is the concept where an object behaves differently in different situations.
• Performing a job in different ways.(One to many)
• Polymorphism gives a way to use a class exactly like its parent so there’s no confusion with
mixing types. But each child class keeps its own methods as they are.
• For example, in English, the verb run has a different meaning if you use it with a laptop, a foot
race, and business. Here, we understand the meaning of run based on the other words used
along with it.The same also applied to Polymorphism.
EXAMPLE
• We click photographs and record videos using the camera in a mobile phone.
• Various brands have a plethora of camera modes in a mobile like: split camera/panaroma/slow-
mo.
• The basic purpose is to click/record, so the functionality of camera is the same in every mobile,
whereas the modes enable you to use your camera in different ways.
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OOP - POLYMORPHISM

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OOP - INHERITANCE
• Inheritance is the object oriented programming concept where an object is
based on another object
• Inheritance is the mechanism of code reuse.
• The object that is getting inherited is called superclass and the object that
inherits the superclass is called subclass.
Example:
• The basic purpose of using a mobile phone is communication.
• There are several brands in mobiles. So, the brands of a mobile are using this
basic functionality(communication) by extending the mobile class functionality
and adding their own new features to their respective brands.

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OOP - INHERITANCE

By Inheriting each class adds

only what is necessary for it
while reusing common logic
with the parent classes

A private teacher is a type of teacher. And any teacher is a

type of Person.
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MCQ Based on OOPS Concept

1. Which of the following best defines a class?

a) Parent of an object
b) Instance of an object
c) Blueprint of an object
d) Scope of an object

2. Which Feature of OOP illustrated the code reusability?

a) Polymorphism
b) Abstraction
c) Encapsulation
d) Inheritance

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MCQ Based on OOPS Concept

3. Which language does not support all 4 types of inheritance?

a) C++
b) Java
c) Kotlin
d) Small Talk

4. Why Java is Partially OOP language?

a) It supports usual declaration of primitive data types
b) It doesn’t support all types of inheritance
c) It allows code to be written outside classes
d) It does not support pointers

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MCQ Based on OOPS Concept

5. Which concept of OOP is false for C++?

a) Code can be written without using classes
b) Code must contain at least one class
c) A class must have member functions
d) At least one object should be declared in code

6. Which of the two features match each other?

a) Inheritance and Encapsulation
b) Encapsulation and Polymorphism
c) Encapsulation and Abstraction
d) Abstraction and Polymorphism

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MCQ Based on OOPS Concept

7. Which feature allows open recursion, among the following?

a) Use of this pointer
b) Use of pointers
c) Use of pass by value
d) Use of parameterized constructor

8. Class is pass by _______

a) Value
b) Reference
c) Value or Reference, depending on program
d) Copy

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MCQ Based on OOPS Concept

9. Size of a class is :
a) Sum of size of all the variables declared inside the class
b) Sum of size of all the variables along with inherited variables in the class
c) Size of largest size of variable
d) Classes doesn’t have any size

10.Which class can have member functions without their implementation?

a) Default class
b) String class
c) Template class
d) Abstract class

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MCQ Based on OOPS Concept

11.Class with main() function can be inherited (True/False)

a) True
b) False

12.Which of the following pairs are similar?

a) Class and object
b) Class and structure
c) Structure and object
d) Structure and functions

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MCQ Based on OOPS Concept

13.Instance of which type of class can’t be created?

a) Anonymous class
b) Nested class
c) Parent class
d) Abstract class

14.Which of the following pairs are similar?

a) Class and object
b) Class and structure
c) Structure and object
d) Structure and functions

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MCQ Based on OOPS Concept
15.If a function can perform more than 1 type of tasks, where the function name
remains same, which feature of OOP is used here?
a) Encapsulation
b) Inheritance
c) Polymorphism
d) Abstraction

16.If different properties and functions of a real world entity is grouped or

embedded into a single element, what is it called in OOP language?
a) Inheritance
b) Polymorphism
c) Abstraction
d) Encapsulation
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MCQ Based on OOPS Concept
17.How many basic features of OOP are required for a programming language to
be purely OOP?
a) 7
b) 6
c) 5
d) 4

18.The feature by which one object can interact with another object is:
a) Data transfer
b) Data Binding
c) Message Passing
d) Message reading

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MCQ Based on OOPS Concept
19.The feature by which one object can interact with another object is:
a) Data transfer
b) Data Binding
c) Message Passing
d) Message reading
20.Exception handling is feature of OOP. (True/False)
a) True
b) False

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Thank You!!!

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