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Introduction to Personality_1

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Introduction to Personality_1

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dormitoriob
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© © All Rights Reserved
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INTRODUCTION TO

PERSONALITY
DEFINITION AND BASICS
OF PERSONALITY
•Personality refers to the enduring
characteristics and behavior that
comprise a person's unique adjustment
to life, including major traits, interests,
drives, values, self-concept, abilities, and
emotional patterns.
DEFINITION AND BASICS
OF PERSONALITY
•Your personality is the sum
of all these traits and
characteristics and is what
makes you a unique person.
DEFINITION AND BASICS
OF PERSONALITY
•personality, a characteristic way of
thinking, feeling, and behaving.
Personality embraces moods, attitudes,
and opinions and is most clearly
expressed in interactions with other
people.
•The first pertains to the consistent
differences that exist between
people: in this sense, the study of
personality focuses on classifying
and explaining relatively stable
human psychological
characteristics.
•The second meaning emphasizes those
qualities that make all people alike and
that distinguish psychological man from
other species; it directs the personality
theorist to search for those regularities
among all people that define the nature
of man as well as the factors that
influence the course of lives.
Psychologists
•trying to understand how
people interpret the
behaviors of those around
them based on their
reactions and experiences.
Personality Tests
• questions can't always be answered
by just observing a person, so
psychologists use personality tests or
assessments to find out more about
someone's personality.
Personality Tests
•There are hundreds of personality
tests available, but psychologists
only use empirically-validated
personality assessments.
The Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory (MMPI)
•It is a personality assessment most
commonly used to identify
personality and behavior
characteristics.
The Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory (MMPI)
•This assessment is the oldest personality
assessment that involves answering
true/false questions to describe a wide
range of normal and abnormal behaviors
Myers-Briggs Personality Test
• It assesses unique sets of traits that combine into 16 different
personality types. This test can be found online by anyone who wants
to evaluate themselves.
The Big Five
•Five personality traits
are agreeableness, extraversion,
openness, neuroticism, and
conscientiousness.
Agreeableness
• It is the ability to use empathy and put other
people before yourself.
• If someone is agreeable, they might be
perceived as happy, easy-going, and good
listeners.
• If someone is not very agreeable, they might be
perceived as selfish, mean, or
uncompassionate.
Extraversion
•a term used to describe if someone is more
outgoing (extrovert) or reserved (introvert).
•If a person is more extroverted, they might
be considered loud, obnoxious, or excited.
•A more introverted person may be
considered quiet, shy, or boring.
Openness
•is the ability to see things from a
different perspective other than our
own.
•Not only does openness allow us to
experience new things, but also to
learn and grow through them.
Openness
•If someone has a higher level of
openness, they might be considered
free-spirited, creative, or optimistic.
•If someone has a lower level of
openness, they might be perceived
as nervous, close-minded, or
cautious.
Neuroticism
• the ability to feel negative emotions and
feelings.
• People with a high level of neuroticism may
often be perceived as stressed-out,
depressed, or anxiety-ridden.
•If someone has a low level of neuroticism,
they are perceived as level-headed and calm.
Conscientiousness
• is the drive and motivation that influences our
behaviors.
• People with high levels of conscientiousness
are usually perceived as responsible and
healthy.
• People with low levels of conscientiousness
are often perceived as lazy, unhealthy, and
risky.
Personality Theories in Psychology
• A psychologist can use many different
theories to help understand personality.
Some of the major theoretical perspectives
are humanistic theory, psychoanalytic or
psychodynamic theory, cognitive theory,
behavioral theory, and
biological/evolutionary theories.
Humanistic Theory
• related to personality and psychology state that
people are generally good and can self-reflect
and make changes.
• A person can change their outlook and choose to
be optimistic about the future by shifting their
attitude.
• An example of a humanistic theory relating to
personality would be Maslow's Hierarchy of
Needs.
•Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
focuses on reaching the main
goal of self-actualization
through a series of steps on a
pyramid scale.
Self-actualization is at the top of the
pyramid and can be achieved through
the drive and motivation of a person
and by achieving the levels below it on
the hierarchy. By having free will, a
person actively contributes to
developing their personality based on
reaching these goals.
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic
Theory
•One of the most well-known personality
theories is the psychoanalytic theory.
Sigmund Freud's theory involves three parts
of the human personality called the id, ego,
and superego. Freud's idea was that every
personality is made up of these three factors
present at different points in one's life.
ID
•The id is the most animal,
automatic part of our personality.
Crazy enough, the id is the part of
our personality directly related to
our unconscious minds
ID
•The id is based on our desires
and needs and can impact our
moods and emotions if our
needs are not met.
EGO
• The ego is partly conscious
and partly unconscious. It
helps us to have self-control
by balancing the id and
superego.
SUPEREGO
•The superego is the moral, conscientious
part of us that is made up of our beliefs
and what we have been taught. Through
the superego comes personality
regulation based on our moral beliefs
and standards.
Cognitive Theory
•Cognitive theory claim that we are what
we think.
•This theory is based on the idea that our
thought patterns and personalities are
influenced by a mixture of social
experiences and cognitive interpretations.
Cognitive Theory
•Certain trends, family, and friend
groups can influence our behavior
and shape our personality.
Cognitive Theory
•Cognitive interpretations of other
people, ourselves, and the world often
include a lot of opinions about what is
good or bad. Social norms and who we
want to be or act like influence our
thoughts, impacting our personality.
BEHAVIORAL THEORY
•Behaviorist theories are relevant to
the person and their surroundings.
With these types of theories and
studies, only the behavior that can
be observed is considered.
BEHAVIORAL THEORY
• This can be complicated as the personality is
very complex. While some aspects of
personality can be observed, the underlying
reasoning can be hard to discover from a
behaviorist point of view. Fortunately, the
behaviorist theory can also relate to how we
have been impacted and influenced by our
environment.
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTIONARY
THEORIES
• Biological theories suggest that personality
is created based on our brain, genetics, and
other biological factors. Survival is essential
to include here, as the evolutionary theory
revolves around what traits we have
acquired based on evolutionary survival and
heritability.
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTIONARY
THEORIES
•Genetics are also included, which
means that in these theories, our
personality is at least somewhat
predefined by traits handed down
from our parents.

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