Chapter 04 : Information

Representation

• Introduction
• Decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal system
• Conversion from one number system to another
system .
• Operations in binary, octal and hexadecimal.

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 Vocabulary

• A bit: This is the smallest unit of information that can be manipulated

by a digital machine.

• Weight: This is the value of a bit. This value depends on the position
of the bit starting from the right, from weakest to strongest.

• A byte: it is a unit of information made up of 8 bits. For example, it

allows you to store a character, such as a letter or a number.

• A base: It is a decomposition, which allows the writing of a number

in a particular way according to the number of the base

2
What is the system used in digital machines?

. Digital machines use the binary system .

.In the binary system: only 2 symbols are used: 0 and 1 .
.It is easy to represent these two symbols in digital machines .
. The 0 and the 1 are represented by two voltages .

5v
Tension Binary Binary: 1
(logic ) 2.8v
0V 0 Unused
0.8v
5V 1
Binary: 0
0v
3
 Introduction
• We usually represent numbers using ten (10) different symbols: 0,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
• This system is called the decimal system (deci means ten).
• There are, however, other forms of numbering that operate using a
number of distinct symbols.
– Example :
• The binary system (bi: two),
• The octal system ( oct : eight),
• The hexadecimal system (hex: sixteen).
• In fact, any number of different symbols (not necessarily numbers)
can be used.
• In a numbring system: the number of distinct symbols is called the
base of the number system.

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 The decimal system
• We use ten different symbols:
{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
• Any combination of the symbols {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} gives us a
number.

7654332

Low weight
Heavyweight

345, 567
Fractional part
Whole part 5
 Polynomial expansion of a number in the
decimal system

• Given the number 1954, this number can be written in the following
form:
1954 1000  900  50  4
1954 1*1000  9 *100  5 *10  4 *1
1954 1*103  9 *10 2  5 *101  4 *10 0

.This form is called the polynomial form

NB : real number can also be written in the form polynomial

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 The binary system
• In the binary system, to express any value we only use 2
symbols: { 0 , 1}
The base
One bit 2 )1101(

2 )1 0 1 1(
The most significant The least significant bit
bits

A number in base 2 can also be written in polynomial form .

(1110) 2 1* 23  1* 2 2  1* 21  0 * 20 (14)10

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 Binary counting

• On a single bit: 0, 1 On 3 Bits

Decimal Binary
0 000
:On 2 bits . 1 001
2 010
Decimal Binary 3 011
0 00 4 100
1 01 5 101
2 10 6 110
3 11 7 111

combinations = 2 2 4
combinations = 2 3 8 8
 The octal system (base 8)

• 8 symbols are used in this system:

{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

• Example 1:

(127) 8 1* 82  2 * 81  7 * 80

:Example 2
The number (1289) does not exist in base 8 since the symbols 8 and 9 do not
.belong to the base

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 The hexadecimal system (base 16)
Hexadecimal Decimal
0 0
1 1
• Sixteen (16) different symbols 2 2
are used: 3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
(17)16 1*161  7 *160 7 7
(AB)16  A *161  B *160 10 *161  11 *1 8 8
9 9
A 10
B 11
C 12
D 13
E 14
F 15
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 Summary

• In a base X, we use X distinct symbols to represent numbers.

• The value of each symbol must be strictly less than the base X.
• Every number in a base X can be written in its polynomial form.

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 Converting base X to base 10

• This conversion is quite simple since you just need to expand

this number into a polynomial in the base X , and do the sum
afterwards.

: Example

(1101) 2 1* 23  1* 2 2  0 * 21  1* 2 0 (13)10

(1A7)16 1*16 2  A *161  7 *16 0 1*16 2  10 *161  7 *160 256  160  7 (423)10

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 Exercise

• Perform the following transformations to base 10?

– (123) 6 =(?) 10
– (1ABC) 16 =(?) 10

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 Converting from decimal to base X

• The conversion is done by taking the remainders of

successive divisions on the base X in the opposite
direction.
: Example 35 2
2 )?( = 35 2
1 17
1 8 2
2 )100011 (=35 0 4 2
0 2 2
0 1 2
1 0
• Question : Perform the following transformations:
(43) 10 =(?) 2 =(?) 5 =(?) 8 =(?) 16
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43 2
43 5
1 21 2
3 8 5
1 10
2 3 1 5
0 5 2 1 0
1 2 2
0 1 2
5 )133(
1 0
2 )101011(

43 16
43 8
8 11 2 16
3 5
2 0
5 0

)2B(
8 )53(
16
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 Converting from a base b1 to a base b2

• There is no method to go from a base b1 to another base b2

directly.
• The idea is to convert the number from base b1 to base 10, then
convert the result from base 10 to base b2 .

?
b1 b2

Polynomial
developpement Successive divisions

10
16
 Example: (34) 5 =(?) 7

(34) 5 3 * 51  4 * 50 15  4 (19)10 (?) 7

19 7
7 )25( = 10 )19(
5 2 7
7 )25(= 5 )34(
2 0

Exercise: perform the following transformations

8 )?(= 5 )?(= 6 )43(

16 =(?) 9 )2A(

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 Conversion: Octal  binary

Binary Octal
In octal, each base symbol is written on 3 bits in . 000 0
. binary 001 1
The basic idea is to replace each symbol in the . 010 2
octal base by its value in 3-bit binary (do 3-bit 011 3
.bursting) 100 4
101 5
110 6
:Examples
111 7
2 ) 101 100 011 (= 8 )345(

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 Conversion: Binary  Octal

The basic idea is to make 3 -bit groupings starting from the least .
.significant
Subsequently replace each grouping with the corresponding octal .
.value

: Example

8 )31226(= 2 ) 110 010 010 001 11 0 (= 2 )11001010010110(

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 Conversion: hexadecimal  binary
Hexadecimal Decimal
0 0
1 1
2 2
. In Hexa each symbol of the base is written on 4 bits . 3
4
3
4
. The basic idea is to replace each symbol 5 5
by its 4-bit binary value (make 4-bit bursting). 6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
HAS 10
B 11
VS 12
: Example
D 13
16 =( 0011 0100 0101 1011 ) 2 )345B( E 14
F 15

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 Conversion: binary  hexadecimal

.The basic idea is to make 4-bit groupings starting from the least significant .

.Subsequently replace each grouping with the corresponding Hexa value

: Example
16 )32A6(= 2 ) 0110 1010 0010 11 00 (= 2 )11001010100110(

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4. Arithmetic operations in binary
0 0 1 1
+ + + +
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 1

1 1
1 1 0 0 0 1 1

+
1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0

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 Binary multiplication
We will start with (1010) 2 times (101010) 2 :

In base 2: 1010 × 10 1010 = 1 1010 0100.

Now, (1010) 2 = (10) 10 ; (101010) 2 = (42) 10 ; so theoretically, we
should have 420.
You can check: (1 1010 0100) 2 is indeed 420 in base ten.

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Arithmetic operations in octal

1 1

5 6 3 4
+
1 5 4
5 8 11 6

In octal 8 is written In octal 11 is written 13

10
0 3

The final result: ( 5036) 8

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Arithmetic operations in hexadecimal

5 6 8 4
+
A 5 1 7
12 18 11 6

C En hexa 11 is written B
In hex 18 is written 12
B
2

The final result: (C2B6)16 25

 Exercise
Perform the following operations:
• (43) 8 +(34) 8 =(?) 8 Annex
• (43) 6 +(34) 6 =(?) 6
• (AB1) 16 +(237) 8 =(?) 16

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