FILE

MANAGEMENT
Presented by
Rohit Saha(10800222086)
 CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION 1
2
• FUNCTION OF FILE MANAGEMENT
3
• COMPONENTS OF FILE MANAGEMENT 4
• TYPES OF FILE SYSTEM 5

• ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF FILE 6

9
SYSTEM
• FILE OPERATION 10
• FILE ATTRIBUTES 11

• DIRECTORY STRUCTURE 12
13
• FILE ALLOCATION METHODS
14-16
• THANK YOU 17
 INTRODUCTIO
N
File management refers to the process of organizing, storing,
retrieving, and managing data files on a storage medium like a
computer or cloud service. It ensures efficient access, security, and
proper handling of files. Key features include:

• Storage Organization: Structuring files in directories and

folders.
• Access and Retrieval: Locating and opening files quickly.
• File Operations: Creating, editing, saving, renaming, and
deleting files.
• Security and Backup: Protecting data through permissions and
backups.
• Efficiency: Reducing redundancy and optimizing storage usage.
 FUNCTION OF FILE
MANAGEMENT
The following are the functions of the file management
system:
• Create and delete the files.
• Create and delete the directories/folders.
• Store, access files on a disk.
• Moving files or directories.
• File management instructions.
• Permanent storage mapping.
• Backup of files.
 COMPONENTS OF FILE
MANAGEMENT
File System: The file system provides a structured way to store
and retrieve data. It includes rules and conventions for naming,
storing, and accessing files.

Directories and Folders: These are hierarchical structures that

organize files into categories, making them easy to locate and
manage.

File Attributes: Metadata associated with each file, such as its

name, size, type, location, and permissions, which help in
managing and securing the file.
 TYPES OF FILE
SYSTEMS
A file system is a method an operating system uses to store,
organize, and manage files and directories on a storage device.
Some common types of file systems include:
• FAT (File Allocation Table): An older file system used by
older versions of Windows and other operating systems.
• NTFS (New Technology File System): A modern file system
used by Windows. It supports features such as file and folder
permissions, compression, and encryption.
• ext (Extended File System): A file system commonly used
on Linux and Unix-based operating systems.
• HFS (Hierarchical File System): A file system used by
macOS.
• APFS (Apple File System): A new file system introduced by
Apple for their Macs and iOS devices.
Advantages of File System
• A file system allows files to be organized into directories and
subdirectories, making it easier to manage and locate files.
• File systems often include features such as file and folder
permissions, backup and restore, and error detection and
correction, to protect data from loss or corruption.
• A well-designed file system can improve the performance of
reading and writing data by organizing it efficiently on disk.
Disadvantages of File System
• Different file systems may not be compatible with each
other, making it difficult to transfer data between different
operating systems.
• File systems may use some disk space to store metadata
and other overhead information, reducing the amount of
space available for user data.
• File systems can be vulnerable to data corruption, malware,
and other security threats, which can compromise the
 FILE
•
• OPERATION
Create: Adding a new file to the system.
Open: Loading a file into memory for reading or editing.
• Read: Accessing file data for use without altering it.
• Write: Updating or adding data to a file.
• Rename: Changing the file's name while retaining its data
and attributes.
• Delete: Permanently removing a file from the system.

File operations are managed through system calls in the

operating system.
Each operation interacts with the file system to ensure data
consistency and security.
 FILES ATTRIBUTES
•Name: The identifier of a file, typically including an extension
to denote file type.

•Type: The format of the file, e.g., .txt, .jpg, .exe.

•Size: The amount of data stored in the file, usually measured in

bytes.

•Permissions: Access control settings determining who can

read, write, or execute the file.

•Timestamp: Metadata indicating the creation, modification,

and access times.
 FILE ACCESS PERMISSIONS
File access permission help specify the manner in which a user
can access a file. These are the access rights that allow us to
read, write or execute a file. The following are some of the typical
file access permissions:

• Read : It allows the user to only read the content of existing.

• Write:It allows the user to only modify the content of an
existing file.
• Execute: It allows the user to run an existing file stored in
the computer system.
DIRECTORY STRUCTURES
1.Single-Level Directory:
⚬ All files are stored in a single directory.
⚬ Simple to implement but not scalable for larger systems.
⚬ Naming conflicts are common as all files share the same
namespace.
2.Two-Level Directory:
⚬ Each user gets their own directory.
⚬ Reduces naming conflicts by isolating files per user.
⚬ Limited flexibility for sharing files across users.
3.Hierarchical (Tree) Directory:
⚬ Organizes directories in a tree structure.
⚬ Supports nesting directories, improving organization.
⚬ Commonly used in modern operating systems like
Windows and Linux.
 FILE ALLOCATION
METHODS
The allocation method defines how the files are stored in the disk
blocks. The direct access nature of the disks gives us the
flexibility to implement the files.
There are mainly three methods of file allocation in the disk.
Each method has its advantages and disadvantages.
AContiguous Allocation:
file in contiguous allocation is stored as a
single continuous block of memory. This
method requires allocating the needed size
during file creation. The file system uses
one table entry per file to record its starting
block and length. This approach enables
quick sequential and random access, as
blocks are easily calculated. However,
resizing files may cause fragmentation and
inefficiency.
 FILE ALLOCATION
METHODS
Linked Allocation(Non-Contiguous Allocation)
Allocation is on an individual block basis. Each block contains a pointer to
the next block in the chain. Again the file table needs just a single entry
for each file, showing the starting block and the length of the file.
Although pre-allocation is possible, it is more common simply to allocate
blocks as needed. Any free block can be added to the chain. The blocks
need not be continuous. An increase in file size is always possible if a free
disk block is available. There is no external fragmentation because only
one block at a time is needed but there can be internal fragmentation but
it exists only in the last disk block of the file.

Disadvantage Linked Allocation(Non-contiguous allocation)

• Internal fragmentation exists in the last disk block of the file.
• There is an overhead of maintaining the pointer in every disk block.
 FILE ALLOCATION
Indexed Allocation
METHODS
It addresses many of the problems of contiguous
and chained allocation. In this case, the file
allocation table contains a separate one-level
index for each file: The index has one entry for
each block allocated to the file. The allocation
may be on the basis of fixed-size blocks or
variable-sized blocks. Allocation by blocks
eliminates external fragmentation, whereas
allocation by variable-size blocks improves
locality. This allocation technique supports both
sequential and direct access to the file and thus
is the most popular form of file allocation.
THANK
YOU