Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 13
The Respiratory System

Slides 13.1 – 13.30

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

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Organs of the Respiratory system

 Nose
 Pharynx
 Larynx
 Trachea
 Bronchi
 Lungs –
alveoli
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Function of the Respiratory System

 Gas exchange – diffusion of O2/CO2 at

alveoli of lungs and blood

 Passageways (nares) purify, warm, and

humidify the incoming air
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The Nose

 Nares – “nostrils”; Air enters

 The interior of the nose consists of a
nasal cavity divided by a nasal septum

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Upper Respiratory Tract

Figure 13.2

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Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity

 Olfactory receptors are located in the

mucosa at top of inner nares
 The rest of the cavity is lined with
respiratory mucosa
 Moistens air
 Traps bacteria/foreign particles

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Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity
 Lateral walls have projections called
conchae
 Increases surface area
 Increases air turbulence
within the nasal cavity

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Paranasal Sinuses
 Cavities within bones surrounding the
nasal cavity
 Frontal, Sphenoid, Ethmoid, &
Maxillary bones
 Function of the sinuses
 Lighten the skull
 Act as resonance chambers for speech
 Produce mucus that drains into the nasal
cavity
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Pharynx (Throat)
 Connect nasal cavity to larynx

Structures of the Pharynx

 Auditory tubes enter the nasopharynx
 Tonsils of the pharynx
 Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
 Palatine tonsils
 Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue
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Pharynx (Throat)
 Larynx (Voice Box)
 Routes air and food into proper
channels
 Plays a role in speech
 Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages
and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic
cartilage (epiglottis)

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Structures of the Larynx

 Thyroid cartilage
 Largest hyaline cartilage
 Protrudes anteriorly (Adam’s apple)
 Epiglottis
 Superior opening of the larynx
 Routes food to the larynx and air toward
the trachea
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Structures of the Larynx

 Vocal cords (vocal folds)

 Vibrate with expelled air to create sound
(speech)
 Glottis – opening between vocal cords

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Trachea (Windpipe)
 Connects larynx with bronchi
 Lined with ciliated mucosa
 Beat continuously, Expel mucus w/dust &
other debris away from lungs
 Walls are reinforced with C-shaped
hyaline cartilage - keep trachea from
collapsing due to pressure changes.

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Primary Bronchi

 Trachea divides into L & R.

 Right bronchus is wider, shorter,
and straighter than left
 Bronchi subdivide into smaller
and smaller
branches….bronchioles….then finally
alveolar sacs.

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Lungs
 Occupy most of the thoracic cavity
 Apex near clavicle
 Base rests on diaphragm
 Each lung is divided into lobes
 Left lung – two lobes
 Right lung – three lobes

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Lungs

Figure 13.4b

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Coverings of the Lungs

 Pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers the

lung surface
 Parietal pleura lines the walls of the
thoracic cavity
 Pleural fluid fills the area between layers
of pleura to allow gliding

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Respiratory Tree Divisions

 Primary bronchi
 Secondary bronchi
 Tertiary bronchi
 Bronchioli
 Terminal bronchioli

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Respiratory Zone

 Structures
 Respiratory bronchioli
 Alveolar duct
 Alveoli
 Site of gas exchange

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Gas Exchange

 Gas crosses the respiratory membrane

by diffusion
 Oxygen enters the blood
 Carbon dioxide enters the alveoli
 Macrophages add protection
 Surfactant coats gas-exposed alveolar
surfaces
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Events of Respiration

 Pulmonary ventilation – moving air in and

out of the lungs
 External respiration – gas exchange
between pulmonary blood and alveoli

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Pressure Differences in the
Thoracic Cavity

 Normal pressure within the pleural

space is always negative (intrapleural
pressure)
 Differences in lung and pleural space
pressures keep lungs from collapsing

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Nonrespiratory Air Movements
 Can be caused by reflexes or voluntary
actions
 Examples
 Cough and sneeze – clears lungs of debris
 Laughing
 Crying
 Yawn
 Hiccup
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Gas Transport in the Blood

 Oxygen transport in the blood

 Inside red blood cells attached to
hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin [HbO2])
 A small amount is carried dissolved in the
plasma

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Gas Transport in the Blood

 Carbon dioxide transport in the blood

 Most is transported in the plasma as
bicarbonate ion (HCO3–)
 A small amount is carried inside red blood
cells on hemoglobin, but at different binding
sites than those of oxygen

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Internal Respiration

 Exchange of gases between blood and

body cells
 An opposite reaction to what occurs in
the lungs
 Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue to
blood
 Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue

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Internal Respiration

Figure 13.11

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Respiratory Disorders: Chronic
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD)

 Exemplified by chronic bronchitis and

emphysema
 Major causes of death and disability in
the United States

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Respiratory Disorders: Chronic
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD)
 Features of these diseases
 Patients almost always have a history of
smoking
 Labored breathing (dyspnea) becomes
progressively more severe
 Coughing and frequent pulmonary
infections are common
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Respiratory Disorders: Chronic
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD)

 Features of these diseases (continued)

 Most victimes retain carbon dioxide, are
hypoxic and have respiratory acidosis
 Those infected will ultimately develop
respiratory failure

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Emphysema
 Alveoli enlarge as adjacent chambers break
through
 Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis
 Airways collapse during expiration
 Patients use a large amount of energy to
exhale
 Overinflation of the lungs leads to a
permanently expanded barrel chest
 Cyanosis appears late in the disease
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Chronic Bronchitis
 Mucosa of the lower respiratory
passages becomes severely inflamed
 Mucus production increases
 Pooled mucus impairs ventilation and
gas exchange
 Risk of lung infection increases
 Pneumonia is common
 Hypoxia and cyanosis occur early
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD)

Figure 13.13

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Lung Cancer
 Accounts for 1/3 of all cancer deaths in
the United States
 Increased incidence associated with
smoking
 Three common types
 Squamous cell carcinoma
 Adenocarcinoma
 Small cell carcinoma
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Asthma

 Chronic inflamed hypersensitive

bronchiole passages
 Response to irritants with dyspnea,
coughing, and wheezing

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Tuberculosis
Collapsed lung (Pneumothorax)
Aging Effects

 Elasticity of lungs decreases

 Vital capacity decreases
 Blood oxygen levels decrease
 Stimulating effects of carbon dioxide
decreases
 More risks of respiratory tract infection

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Respiratory Rate Changes
Throughout Life
 Newborns – 40 to 80 respirations per
minute
 Infants – 30 respirations per minute
 Age 5 – 25 respirations per minute
 Adults – 12 to 18 respirations per
minute
 Rate often increases somewhat with old
age
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 13.49