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Creating Coherence

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17 views

Creating Coherence

Uploaded by

mxn69khm7v
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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Unit 2

Creating Coherence
INTRODUCTION
 Coherence literally means ‘to
stick together’
 Coherence in writing means that
all the ideas in it flow smoothly
from one sentence to the next
sentence; from one paragraph
to the next paragraph; from one
module to the next module and
so on
 In a coherent writing, each
sentence relates clearly to the
topic sentence or central idea
 An incoherent writing can inhibit
a reader’s ability to understand
its ideas and main points
Methods to Achieve Coherence
 Following are several methods that can be used to achieve coherence
in writing:
 Use Repetition to Link Ideas, Sentences, and Paragraphs
 Use Transitional Expressions to Link Ideas, Sentences, and
Paragraphs
 Use Pronouns to Link Sentences
 Use Synonyms to Link Ideas and Create Variety
 Use Parallel Structures to Link Ideas, Sentences, and Paragraphs
 Use consistence in point of view, verb tense, and number
1) Use Repetition to Link Ideas, Sentences, and Paragraphs
 Repeating key words or phrases helps connect and focus idea(s) throughout the essay.
Repetition also helps the reader remain focused and headed in the right direction.
 Example: Most students are intimidated by the works of William Shakespeare. They
believe Shakespeare’s sonnets and plays are far too complicated to read and
understand.

2) Use Transitional Expressions to Link Ideas, Sentences, and Paragraphs


 Transitional expressions, such as however, because, therefore, and in addition, are used to
establish relationships between ideas, sentences, and paragraphs. They serve as signals to
let the reader know the previous idea, sentence, or paragraph is connected to what
follows.
 Example: Many students believe they cannot write a good essay because they are not
writers. However, as they practice writing and work on developing their writing skills,
most students are able to gain the needed confidence to start thinking of themselves
writers.

3) Use Pronouns to Link Sentences


 Pronouns are used to link or connect sentences by referring to preceding nouns and
pronouns. Pronouns can also help create paragraphs that are easy to read by eliminating
wordiness and unnecessary repetition.
 Example: Mr Thompson agreed to meet with members of the worker’s union before he
signed the contract. He was interested in hearing their concerns about the new insurance
plan.
4) Use Synonyms to Link Ideas and Create Variety
 Synonyms are words that have the same or nearly the same meaning as
another word. They provide alternative word choices that can add variety to
an essay and can help eliminate unnecessary repetition.
 Example: Teenagers face an enormous amount of peer pressure from friends
and schoolmates. As a result, many young adults are exhibiting signs of
severe stress or depression at an early age.

5) Use Parallel Structures to Link Ideas, Sentences, and Paragraphs


 Parallelism is the use of matching words, phrases, clauses, or sentence
structures to express similar ideas. Parallel structures allow the reader to flow
smoothly from one idea, sentence, or paragraph to the next and to understand
the relationships and connections between ideas.
 Example: Usually, the children spend the summer weekends playing ball in
park, swimming in the neighbor’s pool, eating ice cream under the tree, or
camping in the backyard.
 At the museum, the class attended a lecture where the speaker
demonstrated how the Native Americans made bows and arrows. They also
attended a lecture where a sword smith demonstrated how the Vikings
crafted swords.
6) Use consistence in point of view, verb tense, and number
 Consistency in point of view, verb tense, and number are subtle but
important aspects of coherence. If you shift from the more personal you to
the impersonal one, from past to present tense, or from a man to they, for
example, you make your paragraph less coherent. Such inconsistencies can
also confuse your reader and make your argument more difficult to follow.
Some Useful Transitions

 To show addition
 again, and, also, besides, equally important, first (second, etc.), further, furthermore, in addition,
in the first place, moreover, next, too
 To give examples
 for example, for instance, in fact, specifically, that is, to illustrate
 To compare
 although, and yet, at the same time, but, despite, even though, however, in contrast, in spite of,
nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, still, though, yet
 To summarize or conclude
 all in all, in conclusion, in other words, in short, in summary, on the whole, that is, therefore, to
sum up
 To show time
 after, afterward, as long as, as soon as, at last, before, during, earlier, finally, formerly,
immediately, later, meanwhile, next, since, shortly, subsequently, then, thereafter, until, when,
while
 To show place or direction
 above, below, beyond, close, elsewhere, farther on, here, nearby, opposite, to the left (north, etc.)
 To indicate logical relationship
 accordingly, as a result, because, consequently, for this reason, hence, if, otherwise, since, so,
then, therefore, thus

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