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Week 4 Measures of Central Tendency

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5 views

Week 4 Measures of Central Tendency

Uploaded by

beafrandoreyes05
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Measures of

Central Tendency
Arpee C. Arruejo, DIT Shareen A. Navarro, DIT Eileen Rose C. Quilon, DIT
Measures of Central Tendency

Project analysis slide 2


the most
Mean frequent value.

the middle
number in an Media
ordered data n
set.

the sum of all


values divided
Mode by the total
number of
values.
Distributions and Central Tendency

Project analysis slide


Example: 3
You survey a sample in your local community on the number
of books they read in the last year.

Normal
Distribu
tion
In a normal
distribution,
data is
symmetrically
distributed with
no skew. The
mean, mode
and median are
exactly the
same in a
normal
distribution.
Skewed distributions

Project analysis slide 4 Positively Skewed Distribution

Skewed
Distribution
s
In skewed distributions, more
values fall on one side of the
center than the other, and the
mean, median and mode all
differ from each other. One
side has a more spread out and
longer tail with fewer scores at
one end than the other. The
direction of this tail tells you
the side of the skew
Skewed distributions

Project analysis slide


Negatively 4 Distribution
Skewed

Skewed
Distribution
s
Mean

Project analysis slide 5


The arithmetic mean of a data set is the sum of all
values divided by the total number of values. It’s the
most commonly used measure of central tendency
because all values are used in the calculation.

1. ⅀x = 287 + 345 + 365 + 298 + 380 = 1675 2. calculate the mean using the formula ⅀x/n
n=5
Mean (x̄) = 1675/5 = 335
Mean: 335 milliseconds
Outlier Effect on the Mean

Project analysis
Outliers can slide
significantly 5 or decrease the mean when
increase
they are included in the calculation. Since all values are used
to calculate the mean, it can be affected by extreme outliers.
An outlier is a value that differs significantly from the others
in a data set.

Mean: 444 milliseconds


Median

Project analysis slide 6


Median
The median of
a data set is
the value that’s
exactly in the
middle when it
is ordered from
low to high.
Median of an Odd-numbered Data Set
For an odd-numbered data set, find the value that lies at
the (n+1)/2 position, where n is the number of values in the data
set.

The middle position is calculated using (n+1)/2, where n = 5.


(5+1)/2 = 3

Median: 345 milliseconds


Median of an Even-numbered Data Set
For an even-numbered data set, find the two values in the middle
of the data set: the values at the n/2 and (n/2) + 1 positions.
Then, find their mean.

The middle positions are calculated using n/2 and (n/2) + 1, where n =
6.
6/2 = 3
(6/2) + 1 = 4
That means the middle values are the 3rd value, which is 345, and the 4th value, which
is 357.
(345 + 357)/2 = 351
Median: 351 milliseconds
Comparing the Mean and Median
Mode
The mode is the most frequently occurring value in the data set.
Project
Mode
analysis
To find
slide
the
7
It’s possible to have no mode, one mode, or more than one mode.
mode, sort your data set numerically
or categorically and select the response that occurs most
frequently.

16
When to use the Mode

Project analysis slide 8


The mode is most applicable to data from a
nominal level of measurement. Nominal data is
classified into mutually exclusive categories, so the
mode tells you the most popular category.
Finding the mode for continuous data
In the continuous data below, no values repeat, which means there is no
mode. With continuous data, it is unlikely that two or more values will be
exactly equal because there are an infinite number of values between any
two values.
Which is Best—the
Mean, Median,
or Mode?
Standard Deviation
Standard Deviation
• Standard deviation is a statistic that measures the
dispersion of a dataset, relative to its mean.
• It’s calculated as the square root of the variance (the
spread of numbers in a dataset).

• For example, the mean of the following two data sets is


the same, but the latter is clearly more spread out:
15, 15, 15, 14, 16
2, 7, 14, 22, 30
What is the STDEV Function?
• The STDEV Function is categorized under Excel Statistical
functions. The function will estimate the standard deviation
based on a sample.
Formula
=STDEV(number1,[number2],…)

The STDEV function uses the following arguments:


• Number1 (required argument) – This is the first number
argument that corresponds to a sample of a population.
• Number2 (optional argument) – This is a number argument
that corresponds to a sample of a population.
How to use the STDEV Function
in Excel?
Variance
Variance
• Variance is a measurement of the spread between
numbers in a data set. The variance measures how far
each number in the set is from the mean.
• When we calculate a variance, we
are asking, given the relationship
of all these data points, how much
distance do we expect on
the next data point? This
"distance" is called the error term,
and it's what variance is
measuring.
Calculating Variance in Excel

• The formula is
=VAR.S(select
data)
Thank You

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