Math 1 Chapter IV

Linear Equations, Inequalities, and Applications

4-1 4-2 4-3 4-5 Linear Equations in One Variable Formulae Applications Linear Inequalities in One Variable

2-1 Linear Equations in One Variable

A linear equation in one variable can be written in the form Ax + B = C, where A,B, and C are real numbers with A { 0.
Example 1: x + 4 = -2 Note: x + 4 by itself is called an algebraic expression. Example 2: 2k + 5 = 10 Note: A linear equation is also called a first degree equation since the highest power of x is 1. The following are called non-linear equations: y = 3x2 +10 x !2

4-1 Linear Equations in One Variable

Decide whether a number is a solution of a linear equation.

Example 3: 8 is a solution of the equation x 3 = 5 An equation is solved by finding its solution set. The solution set of x 3 = 5 is {8}. Note: Equivalent equations are equations that have the same solution set: Example 4: 5x +2 = 17, 5x =15 and x =3 are equivalent. The solution set is {3}.

4-1 Linear Equations in One Variable

Addition Properties of Equality For all real numbers A,B, and C, the equations A = B and A + C = B + C are equivalent.
Note: The same number can be added to each side of an expression without changing its solution set. Example 5: Solution of the equation x 3 = 5

x 3 +3 = 5 + 3 x=8
The solution set of x 3 = 5 is {8}. Example 6: 5x +2 = 17, 5x + 2 + (-2) =17 + (-2) and 5x =15 are equivalent. The solution set is {3}.
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4-1 Linear Equations in One Variable

Multiplication Properties of Equality For all real numbers A,B, and for C { 0, the equations A = B and AC = BC are equivalent.
Note: Each side of an equation may be multiplied by the same nonzero number without changing its solution set. Example 7: Solution of the equation 5x = 15 The solution set of 5x = 15 is {3}.

1 1 ( ) 5 x ! ( ) 15 5 5 x=3
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4-1 Linear Equations in One Variable

Example 8: Solve: -7 + 3x 9x = 12x -5 -7 + 7 6x = 12x 5 + 7 -6x 12x = 12x 12x +2 -18x = 2 1 1 ( ) (-18)x ! ( ) 2 18 18 1 x=9

1 The solution set is { - }. 9

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4-1 Linear Equations in One Variable

Solving a Linear Equation in One Variable:

Step 1: Clear fractions. (Eliminate any fractions by multiplying each side by the least common denominator.) Step 2: Simplify each side separately. (Use the distributive property to clear parenthesis and combine like terms.) Step 3: Isolate the variable terms on the left side of the equal sign. (Use the addition property to get all the variable terms on the left side and all the numbers on the right side.) Step 4: Isolate the variable. (Use the multiplication property to get an equation where the coefficient of the variable is 1.) Step 5: Check. (Substitute the proposed solution into the original equation and verify both sides of the equal sign are equivalent.)
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4-1 Linear Equations in One Variable

Example 8: Solve: 6 (4 +x) = 8x 2(3x + 5) Step 1: Does not apply Step 2: 6 4 x = 8x 6x 10 -x +2 = 2x 10 Step 3: -x + (-2x) +2 +(-2) = 2x + (-2x) 10 + (-2) -3x = -12 1 1 Step 4: ( ) (-3)x ! ( ) (-12) 3 3 x=4 Step 5: 6 (4 + 4) = 8(4) 2(3(4) + 5) 6 8 = 32 - 34 -2 = -2 The solution set is {4}.
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4-1 Linear Equations in One Variable

x 1 x  3 1  ! Example 9: Solve: 2 4 2 Step 1: 1 x 1 x  3 4( ) ! 4( )  2 4 2 1 x 1 x3 4( )  4( ) ! 4( ) 2 4 2 Step 2: 2( x  1)  ( x  3) ! 2 2x  2  x  3 ! 2 3x  5 ! 2 Step 3: 3 x  5  ( 5) ! 2  (5) 3 x ! 3 Step 4: 1 1 ( ) 3 x ! ( )(3) 3 3 x ! 1 Step 5: 1  1 1  3 1 Check :  ! The solution set is {-1}. 2 4 2

2 1 ! 4 2

1 1 ! 2 2
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4-1 Linear Equations in One Variable

Identification of Conditional Equations, Contradictions, and Identities Some equations that appear to be linear have no solutions, while others have an infinite number of solutions. Note: Identification requires knowledge of the information in the table. Type of Equation Number of Solutions Indication when solving

Conditional

One

Final line is: x = a number

Contradiction

None; Final line is solution set 0 false, such as or null 0=1

Identity

Infinite; solution set is all real numbers

Final line is true, such as 0=0

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4-1 Linear Equations in One Variable

Example 9: Solve each equation, Decide whether it is conditional, identity, or contradiction. A) 5x 9 = 4(x-3) 5x 9 = 4x 12 x = -3
conditional The solution set is {-3} B) 5x 15 = 5(x-3) 5x 15 = 5x 15 0 = 0
identity The solution set is {all real numbers} C) 5x 15 = 5(x-4) 5x 15 = 5x 20 0 = -5
contradiction The solution set is {} or 0 (null set)
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4-2 Formulae A mathematical model is an equation or inequality that describes a real situation. Models for many applied problems already exist and are called formulas. A formula is a mathematical equation in which variables are used to describe a relationship. Common formulae that will be used are:
d = rt I = prt P = 2L + 2 W a y 100% ! percent b distance = (rate)(time) Interest = (principal)(rate)(time) Perimeter = 2(Length) + 2(Width) amount y 100% ! percent base

Additional formulae are included on the inside covers of your text.

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4-2 Formulae

Solving for a specified variable:

Step 1: Get all terms containing the specified variable on

the left side of the equal sign and all other terms on the right side. Step 2: If necessary, use the distributive property to combine the terms with the specified variable.
Step 3: Isolate the variable. (Use the multiplication (division) property to get an equation where the coefficient of the variable is 1.)

Example 1: Solve m = 2k + 3b for k 2k = m 3b k = (m 3b)/2

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4-2 Formulae

Example 2: Solve

1 ( x  3) for x 2 1 3 y ! ( x)  2 2 1 3 ( x) ! y  2 2 1 3 2( ( x)) ! 2( y  ) 2 2 x ! 2y  3 y!

A ! 2 HW  2 LW  2 LH for W Example 3: Solve 2 HW  2 LW ! A  2 LH W (2 H  2 L) ! A  2 LH ( A  2 LH ) W ! (2 H  2 L)

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4-2 Formulae

Example 4: Given a distance of 500 miles and a rate (speed) of 25 mph, find the time for the trip.
d ! rt solve for t rt ! d d t! r

d 500 miles ! 20 hours t! ! miles r 25 hour

Example 5: A 20 oz mixture of gasoline and oil contains 1 oz of oil. What percent of the mixture is oil?

amount y 100% ! percent base

1 y 100% ! .05 y 100% ! 5% 20

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4-3 Applications of Linear Equations

Translating words to mathematical expressions.

Note: There are usually key words or phrases that translate into mathematical expressions.
Translating from Words to Mathematical Expressions Verbal Expression Additions The sum of a number and 7 6 more than a number 3 plus a number 24 added to a number A number increased by 5 The sum of two numbers x+7 x+6 3+x x + 24 x+5 x+y x and y represent numbers Mathematical Expression

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4-3 Applications of Linear Equations

Translating words to mathematical expressions.

Note: There are usually key words or phrases that translate into mathematical expressions.
Translating from Words to Mathematical Expressions Verbal Expression Subtractions 2 less than a number 3 minus a number A number decreased by 5 A number subtracted from 10 The difference between two numbers x-2 3-x x-5 10 - x x-y x and y represent the numbers Mathematical Expression

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4-3 Applications of Linear Equations

Translating words to mathematical expressions.

Note: There are usually key words or phrases that translate into mathematical expressions.
Translating from Words to Mathematical Expressions Verbal Expression Multiplication 2 times a number A number multiplied by 6 x and y represent the numbers Mathematical Expression

2 of a number 3
Twice a number The product of two numbers

2 y x or 2x x y 6 or 6x 2 2 y x or x 3 3 2 y x or 2x x y y or xy

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4-3 Applications of Linear Equations

Translating words in to equations.

Note: The symbol for equality, = , is often indicated by the word is.
Translating from Words to Mathematical Equations Verbal Sentence Twice a number, decreased by 3, is 42 The product of a number and 12, decreased by 7, is 105 The quotient of a number and the number plus 4 is 28 The quotient of a number and 4, plus the number, is 10 Mathematical Equation

2 x - 3 = 42 12x - 7 = 105

x ! 28 x4

x  x ! 10 4
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4-3 Applications of Linear Equations

Distinguishing between expressions and equations.

Note: An expression is a phrase. An equation includes the = symbol and translates the sentence. Example 1: Decide whether each is an expression or an equation. A) 5x 3(x+2) = 7 Equation B) 5x 3(x+2) Expression

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4-3 Applications of Linear Equations

Solving Applied Problems.

Note: The following six steps are useful in developing a technique for solving applied problems. Step 1: Read the problem carefully until you understand what
is given and what is to be found. Step 2: Assign a variable to represent the unknown value, using diagrams or tables as needed. Step 3: Write an equation using the variable expressions. Step 4: Solve the equation. (Isolate the variable on the left side of the equals sign) Step 5: State the answer with appropriate units. (Does it seem reasonable?) Step 6: Check the answer.
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4-3 Applications of Linear Equations

Solving Applied Problems.

At the end of the 1999 baseball season, Sammy Sosa and Mark McGwire had a lifetime total of 858 homeruns. McGwire had 186 more than Sosa. How many runs did each player have? Step 1: Total runs = 858 Sosa has 186 less than McGwire Step 2: Let x = Sosas runs, then x + 186 = McGwires runs Step 3: x + (x + 186) = 858 Step 4: 2x + 186 = 858 2x = 672 x = 336 x + 186 = 522 Sosa had 336 homeruns. McGwire had 522 homeruns. 336 + 522 = 858 858 = 858
Checked:
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Step 5: Step 6:

4-3 Applications of Linear Equations

Solving Applied Problems.

A woman has $34,000 to invest. She invests some at 17% and the balance at 20%. Her total annual interest income is $6425. Find the amount invested at each rate. Step 1: Total investment = $34,000 Total interest earned is $6245 Step 2: Let x = amount at 17%, then $34,000 - x = amount at 20% Step 3: .17x + .20(34,000 - x) = 6245 Step 4: .17x + 6800 - .20x = 6245 -.03x = -555 x = 18,500 34,000 18,500 = 15,500 $18,500 invested at 17% $15,500 invested at 20% .17(18,500) + .20(15,5000 = 6245 3145 + 3100 = 6245 6245 = 6245
Checked:
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Step 5: Step 6:

4-3 Applications of Linear Equations

Solving Applied Problems.

How many pounds of candy worth $8 per lb should be mixed with 100 lb of candy worth $4 per lb to get a mixture that can be sold for $7 per lb? Step 1: Total mixture should sell for $7/lb. Given 100 lbs at $4/lb and an unknown amount at $8/lb. Step 2: Let x = amount at $8 then x + 100 should sell at $7/lb Step 3: 8x + 4(100) = 7(x + 100) Step 4: 8x + 400 = 7x + 700 x = 300 300 lb at $8/lb 8(300) + 4(100) = 7(300 + 100) 2400 + 400 = 7(400) 2800 = 2800
Checked:
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Step 5: Step 6:

4-3 Applications of Linear Equations

Solving Applied Problems.

How much water must be added to 20 L of 50% antifreeze solution to reduce it to a 40% antifreeze solution? Step 1: Total mixture should be 40% antifreeze. Given 20 L at 50% produces 10 L of water and 10 L of antifreeze. Add an unknown amount of water. Step 2: Let x = amount of water added, then x + 10 will be the water in the final solution and the amount of antifreeze is 10 L.
a y 100% ! percent b amount y 100% ! percent base

Step 3: Step 4:

10 L of antifreeze y 100% ! 40 10 L of antifreeze + (x+10) of water 1000 ! 40(10  ( x  10)) 10 L of antifreeze y 100% ! 40% 1000 ! 400  40 x  400 10 L of antifreeze + (5+10) of water 40 x ! 200 10 y 100% ! 40% x!5 25

Step 5: Step 6:

5 L of water

40% ! 40%

Check:

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4-5 Linear Inequalities in One Variable

Interval Notation is used to write solution sets of inequalities.

Note: A parenthesis is used to indicate an endpoint in not included. A square bracket indicates the endpoint is included.
Interval Notation Type of Interval Set Interval Notation Graph

{x` a

x}

(a, g )

( a ( a ) b ) b
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{x ` a
Open Interval

b}

(a, b)

{x ` x

b}

(-g, b)

{x ` x is a real number}

(-g , g )

4-5 Linear Inequalities in One Variable

Interval Notation is used to write solution sets of inequalities.

Note: A parenthesis is used to indicate an endpoint in not included. A square bracket indicates the endpoint is included.
Interval Notation Type of Interval Set Interval Notation Graph

{x` a e x}

[a, g)

[ a ( a [ a ] b ) b ] b
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{x ` a
Half-open Interval

x e b}

(a, b]

{x ` a e x e b}

[a, b)

{x ` x e b}

(-g , b]

4-5 Linear Inequalities in One Variable

Interval Notation is used to write solution sets of inequalities.

Note: A parenthesis is used to indicate an endpoint in not included. A square bracket indicates the endpoint is included.
Interval Notation Type of Interval Set Interval Notation Graph

Closed Interval

{x` a e x e b}

[a, b]

[ a

] b

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4-5 Linear Inequalities in One Variable

A linear inequality in on variable can be written in the form Ax + B = C, where A, B, and C are real numbers with A { 0.
Note: The next examples include definitions and rules for < , >, u, and e . Examples of linear inequalities: x+5<2 x3>5 2k +4 e 10

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4-5 Linear Inequalities in One Variable Solving linear inequalities using the Addition Property: For all real numbers A, B, and C, the inequalities A < B and A + C < B + Ca are equivalent. Note: As with equations, the addition property can be used to add negative values or to subtract the same number from each side . Example 1: Solve k 5 > 1 k 5 +5 > 1 + 5 k>6 Solution set: (6,g) Example 2: Solve 5x + 3 u 4x 1 and graph the solution set. 5x 4x u -1 3 x u -4 [ Solution set: [-4,g) -4
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4-5 Linear Inequalities in One Variable Solving linear inequalities using the Multiplication Property:
For all real numbers A, B, and C, with C { 0 , 1) if C > 0, then the inequalities A < B and AC < BC are equivalent. 2) if C < 0, then the inequalities A < B and AC > BC are equivalent. Note: Multiplying or Dividing by a negative number requires the inequality sign be reversed. Example 1: Solve -2x < 10 x > -5 Solution set: (-5,g) Example 2: Solve 2x < -10 x < -5 Solution set: (-g,-5)

Note: The first example requires a symbol change because both sides are multiplied by (-1/2). The second example does not because both sides are multiplied by (1/2)
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4-5 Linear Inequalities in One Variable

Solving linear inequalities using the Multiplication Property:

Example 3: Solve 9m < -81 and graph the solution set m>9 ( Solution set: (9, g)
9

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4-5 Linear Inequalities in One Variable Solving a Linear Inequality:

Step 1: Simplify each side separately. If necessary, use the distributive property to clear parenthesis and combine like terms. Step 2: Use the addition property to get all terms containing the specified variable on the left side of the inequality sign and all other terms on the right side. Step 3: Isolate the variable. (Use the multiplication (division) property to get an inequality where the coefficient of the variable is 1.) Example 4: Solve 6(x-1) + 3x u -x 3(x + 2) and graph the solution set Step 1: 6x-6 + 3x u -x 3x 6 9x - 6 u 4x 6 Step 2: 13x u 0 [ Step 3: x u 0 0 Solution set: [0, g)
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4-5 Linear Inequalities in One Variable

Solving a Linear Inequality:

Example 5: Solve 1 (m  3)  2 e 3 (m  8)
solution set
4 4

and graph the

Step 1: Step 2: Step 3:

13 Solution set: [  2 , g)

1 3 3 m 2e m6 4 4 4 1 11 3 24 m e m 4 4 4 4 1 3 24 11 m me  4 4 4 4 2 13  me 4 4 13 mu 2

[
-13/2
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4-5 Linear Inequalities in One Variable

Solving applied problems using linear inequalities:

Example 6: Solve 5 < 3x 4 < 9 and graph the solution set 5 + 4 < 3x < 9 + 4 9 < 3x < 13 3 < x < (13/3) Solution set: ( 3, 13 ) 2 ( ) 13 3
2

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4-5 Linear Inequalities in One Variable Solving applied problems using linear inequalities:
Note: Expressions for inequalities sometimes appear as indicated in the table:
Word Expression Interpretation

a is at least b a is no less than b a is at most b a is no more than b

aub

aub aeb

aeb

Example 7: Teresa has been saving dimes and nickels. She has three times as many nickels as dimes and she has at least 48 coins. What is the smallest number of nickels she might have? Let: x equal the number of dimes Then: 3x is the number of nickels and: 3x + x u 48 4x u 48 x u 12 @ 36 nickels

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4-5 Linear Inequalities in One Variable

Solving applied problems using linear inequalities:

Example 8: Michael has scores of 92, 90, and 84 on his first three tests. What score must he get on the 4th test in order to maintain an average of at least 90? Let: x equal the 4th score
Then : 92  90  84  x u 90 4

266  x u 90 4 266  x u 360 x u 360  266 x u 94

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