TCP/IP Model

What is a Protocol?
 Protocol is set of rules and
conventions.
 Sender and receiver in data
communication must agree on common
set of rules before they can
communicate with each other.
 Protocol defines.
a) Syntax (what is to be communicated)
b) Semantics (how is it to be
communicated
TCP/IP Model

TCP/IP Model
 The TCPIIP protocol suite was developed
prior to the OSI model.
 Therefore, the layers in the TCP/IP
protocol suite do not exactly match
those in the OSI model.
 The original TCP/IP protocol suite was
defined as having four layers: host-to-
network, internet, transport, and
application.
TCP/IP Model

TCP/ IP Model
TCP/IP Model

TCP/IP Model
 When TCP/IP is compared to OSI,
 The host-to-network layer is equivalent to
the combination of the physical and data
link layers.
 The internet layer is equivalent to the
network layer, and
 the application layer doing the job of the
session, presentation, and application
layers.
TCP/IP Model

TCP/IP
 Transmission control Protocol/Internet
Protocol
 Developed by DARPA
 No official protocol standard
 Can identify five layers
 Application
 Host-to-Host (transport)
 Internet
 Network Access
 Physical
TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP Network Access
Layer
 Also called as Host-to-Network Layer.
 Performs all functions of physical Layer and Data Link
Layer.
 Exchange of data between end system and network.
 Address of host and destination
 Prioritization of transmission.
 This deals with hardware level, connections as in other
network model.
TCP/IP Model

TCP/IP Network Access Layer

 TCP/IP Protocol Suite includes Host-to-
Network Layer protocols such as-
 Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)
And Point to Point Protocol(PPP).
TCP/IP Model

TCP/IP Internet Layer

 An Internet is an interconnection of two or
more networks.
 Internet layer handles tasks similar to
network access layer, but between networks
rather than between nodes on a network.
 Uses IP for addressing and routing across
networks.
 Implemented in workstations and routers.
TCP/IP Model

TCP/IP Internet Layer

 This layer is concerned with the format of datagrams
as defined in the internet protocol(IP).
 The protocols in this layer include Address
Resolution Protocol (ARP),
 Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) and
 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP).
TCP/IP Model

TCP/IP Transport Layer

 This layer is concerned with the transmission of the data.
 The two main protocols that operate at this layer are
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram
Protocol (UDP).
 TCP is reliable transmission protocol and it guarantees that the
proper data transfer will take place.
 UDP is not designed to be reliable or guarantee data delivery.
 Also called host-to-host layer
 Functions of Transport Layer
 1. Service point addressing: - Delivery is from specific
process on computer to specific process on another computer.
For this transport layer uses port addresses.
 2. Segmentation and reassemble: -Each segment of a
message contains a sequence number which is used to
reassemble the message correctly.
 3. Connection control:-Logical connection is created between
source and destination for the duration of complete message
transfer.
 4. Flow control:-Flow control is performed end to end.
 5. Error control:-Error control is performed process to
process. It ensures that entire message arrives at receivers
transport layer without error (damage or loss or duplication).
Error correction is done by retransmission.
TCP/IP Model

TCP/IP Application Layer

 The application layer is concerned with
providing network services to applications.
 There are many application network processes
and protocols that work at this layer, including
 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Simple
Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) and File
Transfer Protocol (FTP).
TCP/IP Model

*TCP/IP
Application TELNET FTP SMTP DNS SNMP DHCP
Presentation
Session RIP

Transport RTP Transmission User Datagram

OSPF
RTCP Control Protocol Protocol

IGMP ICMP

Network Internet Protocol

ARP

Data link
Ethernet Token Bus Token Ring FDDI
Physical
TCP/IP Model
Host-to-Network Layer
Protocol
 Host to network Layer Defines two protocols
 SLIP
 PPP
 SLIP and PPP Protocols allow a user to dial
into an ISP over Telephone Line.
TCP/IP Model

SLIP
 SLIP-Serial Line Internet Protocol.
 It designed to work over serial ports and
modem connections.
 Defines a sequence of bytes that frame IP
packets on a serial line.
 Commonly used for point-to-point serial
connections running TCP/IP.
 It is designed to transmit signals over a serial
connection and has very low overhead.
TCP/IP Model

PPP
 PPP means point to point protocol.
 It is a much more developed protocol than
SLIP(which is why it is replacing it).
 It transfers additional data, better suited to
data transmission over the Internet.
 PPP is More Complex than SLIP.
TCP/IP Model

SLIP Vs PPP
Serial Line Internet Protocol does not In PPP, LCP (Line Control Protocol) is
establish or maintain connection responsible for establishing,
between the client and ISP server. maintaining and termination
connection between two end points.

Communication starts once the Communication begins only after

connection between two modems are authentication and the types of traffic
established. is sent by the client.

Type of traffic cannot be selected in Type of traffic can be selected by NCP

SLIP.
No protocol for termination. IPCP(IP Control Protocol) terminates a
network layer connection between the
user and ISP.

No addressing mechanism provided. Additional services for addressing

mechanism is provided

Doesn’t allow error control Allows error control

No provision for data compression Provides Data compression.

TCP/IP Model

Internet Layer Protocols

 The Five Network Layer protocols are:
 ARP
 RARP
 IP
 ICMP
TCP/IP Model

ARP-Address Resolution Protocol

 ARP takes the IP address of a host as input &
gives its corresponding physical address as
the output.
 The Internet is based on IP addresses
 Data link protocols (Ethernet, FDDI, ATM) may have
different (MAC) addresses
 The ARP and RARP protocols perform the
translation between IP addresses and MAC
layer addresses.
TCP/IP Model

ARP And RARP

ARP Ethernet MAC

IP address
address
(32 bit)
(48 bit)
RARP
TCP/IP Model

ARP Protocol
 ARP sends the IP broadcast message to all the
computer on the network.
 The computer whose IP address matches the
broadcast IP address sends a reply and along
with its physical address to the broadcasting
computer.
 All other computers ignore the broadcast
message
TCP/IP Model

Address Translation with ARP

 ARP request: Argon broadcasts an ARP request to all
stations on the network: “What is the hardware
address of Router137?”
Argon Router137
128.143.137.144 128.143.137.1
00:a0:24:71:e4:44 00:e0:f9:23:a8:20

ARP Request:
What is the MAC address
of 128.143.71.1?
TCP/IP Model

Address Translation with ARP

ARP Reply: Router137 responds with an ARP
Reply which contains the hardware address
Argon Router137
128.143.137.144 128.143.137.1
00:a0:24:71:e4:44 00:e0:f9:23:a8:20

ARP Reply:
The MAC address of 128.143.71.1
is 00:e0:f9:23:a8:20
TCP/IP Model

RARP
 Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
 If we have to obtain the IP address
corresponding to the given Ethernet address.
 RARP works in very similar way of ARP, but in
exactly opposite direction.
 The RARP server looks at this request.
 Then it looks up the Ethernet address in its
configuration files and sends back the
corresponding IP address.
TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP Model

Internet Protocol (IP)

It Is A Routable Protocol Responsible For IP
Addressing, Routing, and The Fragmentation and
Reassembly Of Packets.
It Has The Task Of Delivering Packets From The
Source Host To The Destination Host Solely
Based On The IP Address In The Packet Headers.
For This Purpose, IP Defines Packet Structures
That Encapsulate The Data To Be Delivered.
It Also Defines Addressing Methods That Are Used
To Label The Datagram With Source And Destination
Information.
TCP/IP Model

Internet Protocol (IP)

 IP is internet Protocol.
 It is unreliable protocol because it does not provide
any error control and flow control.
 Packets in IP are called “Datagram”.
 Datagram is variable length packet with two parts –
header and data
IP Header Format
The IPv4 header is comprised of 12 required fields and 1
optional field.
The minimum length of the header is 160 bits (20 bytes).
 IPV6
 IP version 6 (IPv6) is an advanced version of IPv4.
 It takes all good features of IPv4 and adds new ones.
 Larger address space: IPv6 uses 128 bit(16 Bytes)
Address.
 Better header format: This simplifies and speeds up
the routing process.
 New options. IPv6 has new options to allow for
additional functionalities.
 Allowance for extension : IPv6 is designed to allow
the extension of the protocol if required by new
technologies or applications.
 IPv6 major goals :
1. Support billions of hosts.
2. Reduce the size of the routing tables.
3. Simplify the protocol.
4. Provide better security (authentication and privacy).
5. More attention to the type of service
6. Aid multicasting by allowing scopes to be specified.
7. Make it possible for a host to roam without changing
its address.
8. Allow the protocol to evolve in the future.
9. Permit the old and new protocols to coexist for years.
IPv6 Header Format

Priority
IPv4 IPv6
1. Source and destination 1. Source and destination
addresses are 32 bits (4 bytes) addresses are 128 bits(16
in length. bytes) in length.
2. Uses broadcast addresses to 2. There are no IPv6 broadcast
send traffic to all nodes on a addresses. Instead, multicast
subnet. scoped addresses are used.

3. Fragmentation is supported 3. Fragmentation is not

at Originating hosts and supported at routers.
intermediate routers.
4.IP header include a 4.IP header does not include a
checksum. checksum.
5.IP header includes options. 5. All optional data is moved to
IPv6 extension headers.
6.IPsec support is optional 6.IPsec support is required in a
full IPv6 implementation.
7. No identification of payload 7. Payload identification for
for QoS Handling by routers is QoS handling By routers is
present within the IPv4 header. included in theIPv6 header
using the Flow Label field.
8. IP address represented in 8. IP address is represented in
decimal number system hexadecimal number system
9. ‘ .‘ used as separator 9. ‘ : ‘ used as separator .
 Transport Layer Protocols
 Transport Layer Works on top of Internet
Layer.
 It is concerned with transport of packets from
the source to destination.
 In TCP/IP the transport layer is represented
by two Protocols:
 TCP
 UDP
 Transmission Control Protocol
 TCP is transmission control protocol.
 It Provides:
 Connection oriented service
 Reliable service

 Stream delivery service

 Sending and receiving buffers

 Bytes and segments

 Full duplex service

 Process to process communication

 TCP
 TCP is a connection oriented protocol.
 Connection oriented means that a virtual
connection is established before any user
data is transferred.
 If the connection cannot be established, the
user program is notified.
 If the connection is ever interrupted, the user
program finds out there is a problem.
 TCP
 TCP is Reliable-
 Reliable means that every transmission of data
is acknowledged by the receiver.
 Reliable does not mean that things don't go
wrong, it means that we find out when things go
wrong.
 If the sender does not receive acknowledgement
within a specified amount of time, the sender
retransmits the data.
 TCP
 Stream delivery service:
 TCP is a stream oriented protocol.
 It allows the sending and receiving process to

obtain as a stream of bytes.

 TCP creates a working environment in such a

way that the sending and receiving processes

seem to be connected by an imaginary
“tube” This is called as stream delivery
service.
 TCP : Flow Control
 Sending and receiving buffers:
 The sending and receiving process may not
produce and receive data at the same speed.
 Hence TCP needs buffers for storage.
 There are two types of buffers used in each
direction:
1) Sending buffer
2) Receiving buffer
 TCP
 Full duplex service:
 TCP offers full duplex service where the data
can flow in both the direction simultaneously.
 The TCP segments are sent both the directions.
 Process to process communication:
 The TCP uses port numbers as transport layer
addresses.
 Also called as Port to Port communication.
 TCP Header
1 byte 1 byte 1 byte 1 byte
Source Port Destination Port
Sequence Number
Acknowledgment Number
offset Reser. Control Window size
Checksum Urgent Pointer
Options (if any)

Data
 UDP
 UDP is user datagram protocol.
 It is connectionless protocol because data is
sent without establishing a connection between
sender and receiver before sending the data.
 UDP is unreliable because data is delivered
without acknowledgement.
 UDP does not perform Auto retransmission.
 UDP does not use flow control .
 UDP has high transmission speed.
UDP

UDP Datagram Format

Source Port Destination Port

Length Checksum

Data
TCP UDP
1. TCP is connection oriented protocol 1. UDP is connection less protocol
2. It provides reliable delivery of messages 2. It provides unreliable delivery of
messages
3. It assigns datagram size dynamically for 3. Every datagram segment is of the same
efficiency. size.
4. TCP has flow control 4. UDP has no flow control
5. Overhead is low 5. Overhead is very low.
6. Transmission speed is high 6. Transmission speed is very high
 UDP TCP
Complexity UDP is less complex TCP is more complex
Connection UDP is connection less TCP is connection oriented
protocol protocol
Reliability It provides unreliable It provides reliable delivery
delivery of messages of messages
Function By using this protocol one As a message makes its way
program can send a load of across the internet from one
packets to another and that computer to another. This is
would be the end of the connection based.
relationship.
Which layer they Transport layer Transport layer
exist
Flow controlling UDP has no flow control TCP has flow control
Overhead Overhead is very low Overhead is low
Which is UDP is less powerful TCP is more powerful.
powerful
 Application Layer Protocols
 DHCP
 SMTP
 FTP
 DNS
 Telnet
 DHCP
 DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a client-
server protocol that uses DHCP servers and DHCP clients.
 A DHCP server is a machine that runs a service that can lease
out IP addresses and other TCP/IP information to any client
that requests them.
 The DHCP server typically has a pool of IP addresses that it is
allowed to distribute to clients, and these clients lease an IP
address from the pool for a specific period of time, usually
several days.
 Once the lease is ready to expire, the client contacts the server
to arrange for renewal.
 DHCP clients are client machines that run special DHCP client
software enabling them to communicate with DHCP server.
 DHCP

DHCP clients obtain a DHCP lease for an IP address, a subnet mask, and various
DHCP options from DHCP servers in a four-step process:
DHCP DISCOVER: The client broadcasts a request for a DHCP server.
DHCPOFFER: DHCP servers on the network offer an address to the client.
DHCPREQUEST: The client broadcasts a request to lease an address from one
of the offering DHCP servers.
DHCPACK: The DHCP server that the client responds to acknowledges the
client, assigns it any configured DHCP options, and updates its DHCP database.
The client then initializes and binds its TCP/IP protocol stack and can begin
network communication.
 SMTP
 SMTP is simple mail transfer protocol.
 It is connection oriented text based protocol.
 Sender communicates with receiver using a command
and supplying data over reliable TCP connection.
 SMTP is standard application layer protocol for
delivery of email over TCP/IP network.
 SMTP establish a TCP connection between Sender And
port number 25 of receiver.
 FTP
 FTP is used for copying a file from one host to the
other.
 Some of the problem in transferring files :
 Two systems may use different file name conventions.
 Two systems may represent text data in different types.
 The directory structure of the two systems may be different.
 FTP provides a simple solution to all these problems.
 FTP established two connections between the client
and server.
 One is for data transfer and the other is for the control
information.
OSI reference model TCP/IP network model
It has 7 layers It has 4 layers
Transport layer guarantees Transport layer does not
delivery of packets guarantees delivery of packets
Horizontal approach Vertical approach
Separate presentation layer No presentation layer
Separate session layer No session layer

Network layer provides both Network layer provides only

connectionless and connection connection less services
oriented services
It defines the services, It does not clearly distinguishes
interfaces and protocols very between service interface and
clearly protocols
The protocol are better hidden It is not easy to replace the
and can be easily replaced as protocols
the technology changes
OSI truly is a general model TCP/IP cannot be used for any
other application
It has a problem of protocol The model does not fit any
filtering into a model protocol stack.
 Connectionless protocols:
 IP
 ICMP
 UDP
 Connection oriented protocol:
 TCP
 SLIP
 PPP
 SMTP