Today’s Agenda (12/20/16):

1) Midterm Info for Tomorrow

2) Midterm Pre-Test (50 Questions)

3) Midterm Review Packets

 FOR TOMORROW!
• Bring a #2 Pencil (or two)

• 55 Questions; you will have around 60 minutes to complete it!!

• Periods 1-5 (pre-Columbus  Reconstruction); heavy emphasis on Periods 2-4

• Good study materials = Midterm Study Guides (available on website); Crash

Course (on YouTube); Gilder-Lehrman AP Test Review (on G-L website); any
APUSH Exam books you may have purchased (makes a great
Chrstmahanukwanzaa gift!)
APUSH Midterm Multi-Choice
Practice
Period 1: 1491-1607
On a North American continent
controlled by American Indians, contact
among the peoples of Europe, the
Americas, and West Africa created a
new world.
 Question 1:
• Answer: B

• Explanation: Diseases of the Europeans decimated indigenous

populations in the Americas. While technology and other products
did lead to new economic opportunities in the New World, diseases
led to deaths of millions of native people.
 Question 2:
• Answer: C

• Explanation: With the introduction of livestock into the New World,

farming and agriculture began to thrive in the Americas. The horse
also revolutionized warfare, especially among the Plains Indians of the
Southwest
Period 2: 1607-1754
Europeans and American Indians
maneuvered and fought for dominance,
control, and security in North America,
and distinctive colonial and native
societies emerged.
 Question 3:
• Answer: B

• Explanation: The Middle Passage was infamous for being the route
that transported slaves across the Atlantic. Africans were packed in
the ships and often chained up for weeks. The mortality rate was
extremely high.
 Question 4:
• Answer: C

• Explanation: European merchants traveled along the coast of Africa

trading goods, which then led them to begin trading for African
slaves. Once their holds were full, they traveled across the Atlantic
and sold them in the Americas. This slave labor was used in the
growing economies of the New World.
 Question 5:
• Answer: B

• Explanation: Mercantilism was an economic philosophy practiced by

many European countries during colonization. It was the idea that
colonies should ship raw materials to their mother country to be used
in the manufacture of goods.
 Question 6:
• Answer: B

• Explanation: The image reflects the perspective that the importation

of slaves is a legitimate enterprise. The image is a notice for a slave
auction in Charleston, South Carolina in the 1700s. Slavery was
believed to be crucial to South Carolina’s plantation economy.
 Question 7:
• Answer: C

• Explanation: During the 1700s, the most widespread crop cultivated

by slaves in North America was tobacco. Cotton did not become the
chief cash crop in the South until after Eli Whitney’s marketing of the
cotton gin in the early 1800s.
 Question 8:
• Answer: A

• Explanation: Following the American Revolution, many Founding

Fathers (such as Washington and Jefferson) believed that slavery
would gradually disappear in the United States, Economically tobacco
was losing some of its importance as new sources appeared
elsewhere in the world. Also the human rights ideals of the
Revolution seemed to be at odds with the institution of slavery.
 Question 9:
• Answer: D

• Explanation: In Article IV, Section 2 of the US Constitution, a "person

held to service or labour" who flees to another state was to be
returned to the owner in the state from which that person escaped.
In 1793 (and later on in 1850), Congress to steps to strengthen and
enforce the clause though the Fugitive Slave Acts.
 Question 10:
• Answer: C

• Explanation: As can be seen in the text of the excerpt, the settlement

at Germantown was a “fine and fertile district” which allowed for
both grazing of livestock, lumber for building, and fresh water.
 Question 11:
• Answer: B

• Explanation: As stated in the excerpt, Pastorius and other producers

living in Penn’s colony were not exclusively bound to trade their
harvest solely with England (as trade occurs with Barbados and within
the colony itself).
 Question 12:
• Answer: D

• Explanation: One of the most enticing features of immigrating to

Penn’s colony was that there was no law requiring absolute devotion
to one government-favored religious practice (unlike Massachusetts
Bay and Jamestown). Penn’s tolerance of all religious beliefs was
unique in the American colonial experience for its time.
 Question 13:
• Answer: A

• Explanation: As can be discerned from the language of the excerpts,

both were written to protest the British government’s efforts to assert
greater control over its North American colonies.
 Period 3: 1754-1800

British imperial attempts to reassert

control over its colonies and the colonial
reaction to these attempts produced a new
American republic, along with struggles
over the new nation’s social, political, and
economic identity.
 Question 14:
• Answer: D

• Explanation: The ideas about government that Paine and Jefferson

expressed were derived in large part from, and therefore most
consistent with, ideas developed by Enlightenment thinkers.
 Question 15:
• Answer: C

• Explanation: Both principles expressed in the excerpts emphasize

that government is designed to serve at the will of and to protect the
governed, and therefore these principles best account for the
relatively limited powers that the Articles of Confederation granted to
its central government.
 Question 16:
• Answer: D

• Explanation: Although all of the Constitutional Amendments

represent changes to the original document, the 13th Amendment
best exemplifies the sentiment in Jefferson’s quote. By 1865, there
was just enough political, economic, and moral will in the United
States to do away with the practice of slavery which had existed in a
fully-protected status from the colonial, state, and US governments
since its inception in 1619.
 Question 17:
• Answer: B

• Explanation: James Madison and Alexander Hamilton led the charge

to form a Constitutional Convention and draft the Constitution in
1787. It was primarily the weaknesses of the Articles of
Confederation that led to their rejection.
 Question 18:
• Answer: A

• Explanation: Immediately after the drafting of the Constitution two

factions (Federalists and anti-Federalists) were born to either support or
denounce the new plan for government (mainly at the support or fear
over the central government’s new power over the states). In the wake
of Washington’s election, Federalists rallied around Sec. of Treasury
Alexander Hamilton and his “broad constructionist” beliefs while
Jefferson and Madison formed the Democratic-Republicans as “strict
constructionists” who wanted to maintain rights/privileges of the
states.
 Period 4: 1800-1848

The new republic struggled to define

and extend democratic ideals in the
face of rapid economic, territorial,
and demographic changes.
 Question 19:
• Answer: A

• Explanation: As the great-grandson of President John Adams,

historian Henry Adams might have been expected to be critical of the
policies of John Adams (due to the fact that John Adams was a
Federalist and Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican).
 Question 20:
• Answer: B

• Explanation: Thomas Jefferson’s victory in the election of 1800 was

important because it was the first time the presidency shifted from
one political party to another. At the time, regime changes often
happened due to or the result of bloodshed/warfare. This did not
take place in the wake of Jefferson’s election.
 Question 21:
• Answer: D

• Explanation: Although Jefferson believed that government should be

small and limited, once in office, he vigorously exercise federal power
in foreign affairs. Most notably, he fought a naval war against the
Barbary Coast pirate state of Tripoli from 1801-1805. He
recommended the Louisiana Purchase despite his fears that such an
action might be unconstitutional. He also cut off trade with Britain as
a means to attempt to deal with the naval policy of impressment and
cargo seizures.
 Question 22:
• Answer: C

• Explanation: According to Adams’s excerpt, the city of Washington DC

was still small and developing when Jefferson took office. It was a
small town with few amenities that government officials could enjoy
during their downtime.
 Question 23:
• Answer: C

• Explanation: In 1819, Missouri applied to join the Union as a slave

state. This would have offset the balance between free and slave
states in the Senate, giving the advantage to slave states. In 1820,
Rep. Henry Clay fashioned a compromise that admitted Missouri as a
slave state and carving out part of northern Massachusetts as a free
state to maintain the balance.
 Question 24:
• Answer: C

• Explanation: Quakers were the first group in America to openly

oppose slavery, especially the spread of slavery. Adding a new space
state was not acceptable to those in the early anti-slavery movement.
 Question 25:
• Answer: C

• Explanation: The Supreme Court Dred Scott decision declared that

slaves were property protected by the “due process” clause of the 5th
Amendment and that the decision declared by the Missouri
Compromise banning the spread of slavery anywhere in the US was
unconstitutional.
 Question 26:
• Answer: C

• Explanation: The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions were prompted

by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in response to the Alien and
Sedition Acts of 1798. They promoted the idea that a state could
nullify a federal law if that law violated a state’s constitutional rights.
 Question 27:
• Answer: B

• Explanation: Calhoun’s speech led South Carolina to declare the Tariff

of 1832 null and void, which led to a secession crisis and a feud
between South Carolina and the federal government, most notably
Pres. Andrew Jackson. South Carolina embraced the states’ rights
ideology and refuted the tariff for its supposed anti-Southern
stipulations.
 Question 28:
• Answer: B

• Explanation: Calhoun and many of the Southern states believed that

the battle between states’ rights and a strong central government was
an ongoing battle. This was not the first, nor would it be the last,
argument between the two factions over who would have the final
say, and would not be settled until the Civil War’s conclusion in 1865.
 Question 29:
• Answer: D

• Explanation: Edison’s career as an inventor did not happen until after

the Civil War (in the late 1870s-1880s). The telegraph, the railroad,
and transatlantic steamship travel had all been in place prior to the
war during the Jacksonian Era.
 Question 30:
• Answer: A

• Explanation: The first large mechanized textile factory was

constructed in Lowell, Massachusetts in the early 1820s, and by the
1830s a number of others had been constructed nearby. Construction
on the first transcontinental railroad did not begin until the early
1860s. The expansion of the steel industry was a post-Civil War event
and the automobile did not arrive until the turn of the century.
 Question 31:
• Answer: B

• Explanation: New York City was connected to the Great Lakes and
surrounding region by the Erie Canal and the Hudson River. The city
grew and prospered as a result of the improvement to the speed and
lowering of the cost of transportation.
 Question 32:
• Answer: B

• Explanation: Modern American politics had clearly come into being

by the time of the election of 1840 in which two well-organized
parties, the Democrats and the Whigs, competed with each other in
every section of the country.
 Question 33:
• Answer: B

• Explanation: The Declaration of Sentiments called for equal rights for

women, the opposite of the prevailing ideal in the early 19th century
that women should focus on the home and the domestic sphere.
 Question 34:
• Answer: A

• Explanation: Due to the fact that women played such a prominent

role in the abolitionist cause (and how the abolitionist cause initiated
the women’s rights movement), they were outraged that women
were excluded from the 15th Amendment’s provision of the right to
vote which reinvigorated the women’s movement in the years after
the Civil War.
Period 5: 1844-1877
As the nation expanded and its
population grew, regional tensions,
especially over slavery, led to a civil
war — the course and aftermath of
which transformed American society.
 Question 35:
• Answer: C

• Explanation: O’Sullivan makes reference to God and the tone of the

passage is clear and confident in that expansion is the destiny of
America.
 Question 36:
• Answer: A

• Explanation: The Gold Rush of 1849 caused the population of

California to surge as both American emigrants and foreign
immigrants headed to California to find their fortune. Within a year,
California had the required number of free white men to be
considered for statehood. Oregon, in the meantime, saw its number
of emigrants stagnate.
 Question 37:
• Answer: C

• Explanation: President James K. Polk is known to history as the

“manifest destiny President” due to his numerous policies of
expansion (particularly his decision to annex Texas, Oregon, and the
land from Mexico after the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848).
 Question 38:
• Answer: C

• Explanation: The Kansas-Nebraska Act was a scheme created by

Illinois Sen. Stephen Douglas. It was proposed to allow these two
territories to vote on slavery based on popular sovereignty which
caused an uproar in Congress and in the United States population.
 Question 39:
• Answer: C

• Explanation: Sen. Charles Sumner directed his words against the

slave-expansionists of the South. He believed in the “slaveocracy” of
the South in which they sought political power by spreading slavery
throughout the entire nation.
 Question 40:
• Answer: B

• Explanation: Charles Sumner suffered a near-fatal beating at the

hands of Rep. Preston Brooks for Sumner’s remarks in his speech
against Brooks’s uncle Sen. Andrew Butler of South Carolina (a
staunch supporter of the K-N Act and an unapologetic slaveowner).
 Question 41:
• Answer: A

• Explanation: In his Cooper Union Address, Lincoln calls for northern

voters to resist the demands of pro-slavery advocates. The Cooper
Union Address was a long speech that enabled Lincoln to summarize
his views in the wake of Dred Scott, his Senate race two years prior,
and the John Brown raid. The success of the speech made Lincoln a
contender for the Republican Presidential nomination that same year.
 Question 42:
• Answer: B

• Explanation: A member of the Republican Party would have been

most likely to support Lincoln’s position. The Republican Party was
created in 1854 in response to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska
Act which repealed the Missouri Compromise and opened the
possibility of slavery being established in the territories where it had
been previously barred.
 Question 43:
• Answer: B

• Explanation: In 1860, Lincoln and his supporters called for preventing

the expansion of slavery into the western territories as part of the
Republican National Platform. Lincoln and the Republicans assured
the South that, while they did not want slavery in the territories, they
would leave it alone where it already existed.
 Question 44:
• Answer: B

• Explanation: By 1860, the message and ideology of the Republican

Party had found sudden and swift success in the North only 6 years
after it was created. Lincoln’s election to the Presidency was due to
the fact that he won every Northern state’s electoral votes which was
mathematically enough to get him elected despite his name
appearing on no Southern state ballot. This signified to the South that
the North could (and would possibly) vote for an anti-slavery party
and win each and every election. Secession began a month later.
 Question 45:
• Answer: D

• Explanation: The loyalty or allegiance of the border states – slave

states that remained in the Union such as Maryland – led to actions
by Lincoln that challenged the constitutional rights of the residents.
The selection details life in Maryland during the early years of the Civil
War and not the Radical Republican planning for Reconstruction
which would develop in the coming years.
 Question 46:
• Answer: C

• Explanation: Concern over loyalty in the border states led to the

establishment of martial law (which gave the military authority over
the elected government and civilian population) in places like
Maryland and Missouri.
 Question 47:
• Answer: A

• Explanation: Opponents of the Civil War cited many reasons included

the huge financial cost to be paid by future generations, ambivalence
at the changing goals of the war, hostility over the draft, concern over
constitutional violations, and the concerns over the incredible loss of
life.
 Question 48:
• Answer: A

• Explanation: Challenges to freedom of speech, press, and expression

became part of an effort to ensure that the border states remained in
the Union during the Civil War. This tension between civil liberties
and national security often appears during wartime (e.g. the Alien and
Sedition Acts during the Quasi War with France and the
Espionage/Sedition Acts of WWI).
 Question 49:
• Answer: B

• Explanation: With the passage of the 15th Amendment, adult male

Freedmen were granted the right to vote. As Reconstruction was
ending across the South, different white supremacist groups used
intimidation and violence to coerce Freedmen into voting for
Democratic nominees or not voting at all to reduce and “redeem” the
former seceded states back into anti-Freedmen Democratic Party
hands.
 Question 50:
• Answer: A

• Explanation: Land redistribution was ordered to happen during the

war (dating back to Gen. Sherman’s Field Order) that gave every freed
black family “40 acres of land and a mule”. Radicals such as Thaddeus
Stevens pushed for federal legislation fulfilling this promise post-war
but was blocked by the Johnson Administration which pushed blacks
off land they thought was theirs and gave it back to the original
owners (mainly their former masters) which led to the practice of
sharecropping.