What is “chemistry”?

The study of matter & the changes it undergoes

 Matter
Macroscopic Submicroscopic
You do not need a Things that are so
microscope to small that you can’t
observe it. see them with a
regular microscope.

Chemistry seeks to explain the submicroscopic events

that lead to macroscopic observations.

We use “models” to do this.

What are some examples of matter?
• Water
• Book
• Pencil
• Air

What are some examples of things that are not matter?

• Gravity
• Light
• Energy
• Freedom
• Ideas (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness)
 Matter
Pure Substances Mixtures
All samples of the Blend of two or more
substance have types of matter
the same
properties and
composition
Examples: Examples:
Water Saline
Carbon Salad
Salt Air
Helium Bowl of cereal
 Mixtures
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Uniform Mixing Non-uniform mixing

Examples: Examples:
Saline Salad
Air Bowl of cereal
 Pure Substances
Elements Compounds
Cannot be broken Multiple type of atoms
down into simpler combined to make a
states. One type stable substance.
of atom. Can be broken down
into simpler forms.
Examples: Examples:
Carbon Water
Helium Salt
 Properties
Extensive Intensive
Depend on the Does not depend on
amount of matter the amount of
present. matter present.

Examples: Examples:
Mass Density
Volume Melting Point
Energy Freezing Point
 Changes
Physical Chemical
Does not change the Converts a substance
identity of the into a different
substance, only substance.
the form

Examples: Examples:

Boiling water Burning

Ripping paper Reactions
 Changes
• Cut your hair

• Mixing sugar and water

• Baking soda reacts with vinegar to produce gas

• A piece of metal is bent in half

• Copper turns green when exposed to sunlight

• Water freezes to form ice

Measurment Base Unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass gram g
Time second s
Temperature kelvin K
Amount of substance mole mol

Prefix Symbol Equivalent Measurement

mega M 1,000,000 ___ = 1 M___
kilo k 1,000 ___ = 1 k___
deci d 10 d___ = 1 ___
centi c 100 c___ = 1 ___
milli m 1000 m___ = 1 ___
micro u 1,000,000 u___ = 1 ___
 Convert 433 milligrams into grams.
STEP 1: Equivalent Measurement

STEP 2: Possible Conversion Factors

STEP 3 & 4: Choose conversion factor & calculate.

 How many meters is 0.044 kilometers?
STEP 1: Equivalent Measurement

STEP 2: Possible Conversion Factors

STEP 3 & 4: Choose conversion factor & calculate.

Convert 335 s into min
 Two-step SI Conversions

730 cm to ______ km
 Two-step SI Conversions

42 cm to ______ mm
 Two-step SI Conversions

4530 seconds to ______ hours

 Two-step SI Conversions

0.073 kg to ______ cg
42.5 cm/s = _________ m/min
 Exponents

1.2 m3 = __________ cm3

 Homework

• Read Chapter 2 Section 2

• Pg 42, # 1, 2, 3, 6
Doc needs 1.21 gigawatts to power his flux capacitor. One
gigawatt is equal to one billion watts. One light bulb
requires 100 watts to power. One room requires four light
bulbs to light. How many rooms could be lit for the
amount of energy Doc needs to power his flux capacitor?
Smoots
• MIT fraternity prank
in 1958
• Marked the Harvard
Bridge in smoots
• 1 smoot = 67 inches
A troy ounce is equal to 480 grains, and 1 grain is equal to
64.8 mg. If the price of gold is $560 per troy ounce, what
is the cost of 1 g of gold?
A company goes through 100 sheets of paper a day. Paper is
only sold by the bale, which contains 10 reams. Each
ream of paper contains 500 sheets. How many bales of
paper should the company purchase a year?
 Homework
• Unit Conversion Word Problem Worksheet
– Crossout the following
• 1.a Meters? Kilometers?
• 1.b Meters? Kilometers?
• 2.c What is the price per hectare?
• 3.b
 Density
A measurement of how much matter is
contained in a given volume
Density =
D=

Similarly:
m= v=

SI unit for density is g/cm3 or g/mL

An object has a mass of 8.4 g and a volume of 3.1
cm3. What is the object’s density?
What is the mass of an object that has a density of
3.26 g/cm3 and a volume of 0.351 cm3?
 Density QuickLab
• Follow the directions on page 39
• Answer discussion questions 1-3.
 Measurements
Accuracy Precision

• how close several

• how close a single
measurement comes to
measurements are
the actual dimension or to each other
true value of whatever is
measured

- single measurement - multiple measurements

- correctness - repeatable

Is it possible for a measurement to be precise but

inaccurate?
 Proportions
Directly Inversely
As one variable As one variable
increases, the increases, the other
other also decreases
increases.

K= K= xy
 Homework
• Pg 59 #17, 18, 19, 22, 24, 33
 Layers By Density
• If you pour together liquids that don’t mix
and have different densities, they will form
liquid layers.
• The liquid with the highest density will be on
the bottom.
• The liquid with the lowest density will be on
the top.
 Taking numbers out of Scientific notation
Positive exponent, Negative exponent,
move decimal to right. move decimal to left.

4.5 x 102 4.5 x

10-2

3.77 x 104 3.77 x 10-

4
 Putting numbers into Scientific Notation
Move decimal to right, Move decimal left,
negative exponent. positive power
0.00032 32000

0.07 700

0.000800 80000
 Why are significant figures important?

…… because we need a way to round numbers that

everyone uses ……… depends on how accurate our
equipment is……….

Your job pays $230 a week, but you

get paid at the end of each day you
work. Rounding could change the
amount you receive.
 Significant Figure Rules
0. Every nonzero digit is significant.
1. Zeros appearing between nonzero digits are significant.
2. Zeros appearing in front of all nonzero digits are not
significant.
3. Zeros at the end of a number and to the right of a
decimal point are significant.
4. Zeros at the end of a number but to the left of a decimal
point may or may not be significant. If a zero has not
been measured or estimated but is just a placeholder, it
is not significant. A decimal point placed after zeros
indicated that they are significant.
225 mL
2.3 x 1018 g
67.00 g
0.00912 L
5.12 x 108
22.06 kg
42 K
230008 g
233300 g
250 cg
When putting measurements into scientific notation, only
use numbers that are significant.
4500 m =

706 g =

0.000567 kg =

0.0508700 s =

40700 L =

583.000 K =
 Rounding to a set # of significant figures
1.2865 K Round to 3 SF

1.2865 L Round to 2 SF

1.2865 L Round to 1 SF

1.2865 L Round to 4 SF
 Rounding Off a Measurement

85.005 m (4)
2.844 x 106 m (2)

0.07112 m (2)

9009 m (1)

1.7777 x 10-3 m (2)

629.55 m (4)
 How do “significant figures” impact the answer you
write down when you multiply or divide?

Your answer needs to have the same number of

significant figures as the number with the
LEAST number of significant figures.
4.501 cm x 3.98 cm =

(7.554 m) (6.0 m) (2.88 m) =

8.3 m x 2.22 m = ___

8432 m / 12.5s = ____

(35.2 s)(1min) = ___

60s

(1.8 x 10-3)(2.9 x 10-2) = ___

5.3 x 10-2 m /0.255s = ___

a) 5.43 g x 3.4 g =

b) 8.001 m x 2.3 s =

c) 800 cm x 6.45 s =

d) 6.00 g / 0.05 mL =

e) 5.01 g / 1,002,000 molecules =

• 1) 9.8 • 11) 56
• 2) 2.4 • 12) 0.28
• 3) 16 • 13) 1.6
• 4) 7 x 10-5 • 14) 8.2
• 5) 7.9 • 15) 2.32
• 6) 12.0 • 16) 2.5
• 7) 11.9 • 17) 1.6
• 8) 28 • 18) 1.59
• 9) 1.5 • 19) 46
• 10) 0.0043 • 20) 6
 Addition and Subtraction:

• Your answer should have the same number of

significant figures to the right of the decimal
as the measurement with the FEWEST digits to
the right.

• 25.1 g + 2.03 g = _____

 Addition and Subtraction:

61.2 m + 9.35 m = ___

9.44 m – 2.1 m = ___

1.36 m + 10.2 m = ___

340 m – 17 m = ___

22.7 m + 436.189 m + 0.2m = ___

 Percent Error

% error = experimental – true value x 100%

true value

A student measures the temperature outside at 62.3oF. His

teacher then tells him that the thermometer he used was
not working correctly. When the student remeasures the
temperature with a good thermometer, he discovers that it
is 65.1oF. What is the % error between the two values?
The density of water is known to be 1.0 g/mL. A
student measures the mass of 55 mL of water to be
56 g. What is the % error?
 Homework
• Review for test
• Be prepared for questions that combine
multiple topics together
• Look back over notes and homework.
• Additional problems in the text are available
for extra practice.
• The density of platinum is 21.4 g/cm3. The
current value of platinum is $1693 per troy
ounce. One troy ounce is equal to 31.10
grams. What is the value of a block of
platinum that is 20 mm long, 20 mm wide and
2 cm thick?