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LLE 3

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3 views

LLE 3

Uploaded by

ax0980959
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Co-current contact with immiscible solvents

•Triangular diagrams are not


required in this case.
•If solution contains a mass A of
solvent A with a mass ratio Xf of
solute, then
•The solvent to be added will be a
mass S of solvent S.
•On mixing and separating, a
raffinate is obtained with the
solvent A containing a mass ratio
X1 of solute.
• An extract with the solvent S
containing a mass ratio Y1 of
solute.
Material Balance on solute gives

•This process may be illustrated by allowing the point F to represent the feed
solution and drawing a line FE1, of slope −(A/S)1, to cut the equilibrium curve
at E1.
•This then gives composition Y1 of the extract and X1 of the raffinate. If a
further stage is then carried out by the addition of solvent S to the stream
AX1.
•Then point E2 is found on the equilibrium curve by drawing GE2 of slope −
(A/S)2. Point E2 then gives the compositions X2 and Y2 of the final extract and
raffinate.
•This system may be used for any number of stages, with any assumed
variation in the proportion of solvent S to raffinate from stage to stage.
If the distribution law is followed, then the equilibrium curve becomes a straight line
given by Y = mX. The material balance on the solute may then be rewritten as:

• AXf = AX1 + SY1 = AX1 + S mX1 = (A + S m)X1


Countercurrent contact with immiscible solvents

•Each circle corresponds to a mixer and a separator.


•Flow of Solvent and Solution in Opposite Direction.(Countercurrent)
•The initial solution F of the solute B in solvent A is fed to the first unit and
leaves as raffinate R1.
•This stream passes through the units and leaves from the nth unit as
stream Rn.
•The fresh solvent S enters the nth unit and passes in the reverse direction
through the units, leaving as extract E1.
Two Things Define as:
X = the ratio of solute to solvent in the raffinate streams, and
Y = the ratio of the solute to solvent in the extract streams.
• If two solvents are immiscible, Then
The solvent in the raffinate streams remains as A,& added
solvent in the extract streams as S.
• Solute Material Balance gives
• (a) For the 1st stage:
AXf + SY2 = AX1 + SY1
• (b) For the nth stage:
AXn−1 + SYn+1 = AXn + SYn
• (c) For the whole unit:
AXf + SYn+1 = AXn + SY1
• or: Y n+1 = (A/S)(Xn − Xf ) + Y1
• This is the equation of a straight line of slope A/S, known as the operating
line, which passes through the points (Xf , Y1) and (Xn, Yn+1).
• The equilibrium relation, Yn against Xn, and the operating line are drawn in,
and the number of stages required to pass from Xf to Xn is found by drawing
in steps between the operating line and the equilibrium curve.
• In this Diagram below, four stages are required, and (Xn, Yn+1) corresponds to
(X4, Y5).
• It may be noted that the operating line connects the compositions of the
raffinate stream leaving and the fresh solvent stream entering a unit, Xn and
Yn+1, respectively.
Countercurrent contact with partially miscible
solvents
• Equipment arrangement is same like pervious case.
• But amounts of solvent in the extract and raffinate streams are varying
• The material balance is the total streams entering and leaving each stage.
• If the feed F, the final extract E1, the fresh solvent S = stream En+1 and, the
final raffinate Rn are fixed.
• Material balances gives:
• (a) Over the first unit
F + E2 = R 1 + E 1
and: F − E1 = R1 − E2 = P,
• (b) Over stages 1 to n
F + En+1 = Rn + E1 = M,
and: F − E1 = Rn − En+1 = P
• (c) Over the unit n
Rn−1 + En+1 = En + Rn
and: Rn−1 − En = Rn − En+1 =P
• Thus the difference in quantity between the raffinate leaving
a stage Rn, and the extract entering from next stage En+1, is
constant.
• Similarly, it can be shown that the difference between the
amounts of each component in the raffinate and the extract
streams is constant.
• This means that, with the notation of a triangular diagram,
lines joining any two points representing Rn and En+1 pass
through a common pole.

Graphical method for determining


the number of stages for the process
using partially miscible solvents
• If the points F and S representing the compositions of the
feed and fresh solvent S are joined, then the composition of a
mixture of F and S is shown by point M where:
• MS/MF= mass of F/mass of S
• A line is drawn from Rn through M to give E1 on the Binodal
curve and E1F and SRn to meet at the pole P.

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