UNIT NO:5

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS

Kumar Saliganti
Assistant Professor (C)
[email protected]

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

JNTUH University College of Engineering Manthani
CONTENTS:
 Components of LT Switch Gear
 SFU, MCB, ELCB & MCCB
 Concept of Earthing
 Types of Wires and Cables
 Energy Consumption Calculations
 Power Factor Improvement
 Types of Batteries & Characteristics
 Battery Backup
• Switch is a device for making and breaking the
connection in an electric circuit.
• Definition of switch gear: The apparatus used
for switching, controlling and protecting the
electrical circuits and equipment is known as
switchgear.
• Switchgear essentially consists of switching
and protecting devices such as switches, fuses,
isolators, circuit breakers, relays, control
panels, lightning arrestors, current
transformers, potential transformers and
various associated equipment's.
Features of switchgear:
1. Complete reliability
2. Quick operation
3. Provision for manual control and instruments
LT Switchgear
 Components of Switchgear
 SFU (Switch Fuse Unit)
 MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)
 MCCB (Moulded Case Circuit Breaker)
 ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker)
 SFU (Switch Fuse Unit)
• It is Switched Fuse Unit. It has one switch
unit and one fuse unit. When we operate the
breaker, the contacts will get close through
switch and then the supply will passes
through the fuse unit to the output.
• Whereas in Fuse Switch Unit there is no
separate switch and fuse unit. There is only
fuse unit which act itself as a switch. When
we operate the fuse unit will close the input
and output of the breaker.

Application:
Used in industrial, residentials and commercial buildings for
electrical fittings.
What is a Fuse?
• Fuse is an electrical safety device, which protects the circuit from
overload.
• Its working principle is based on the heating effect of the current.
• Fuses are always connected in series with the circuit. Whenever
there is an overload in the circuit, this high current melts the
element in the fuse and opens the circuit by disconnecting the
power supply and thus the circuit is protected from being
damaged.
• Circuit current should be only 75% of the fuse current rating.

Fuse Connected in Series with the

• Characteristics of MCCB
• The range of rated current up to 2500 amperes.
• Trip current may be adjusted.
• Large in size, more features and high cost.
 MCB MCCB
(MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER) (MOULDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER)

MCB has less than 100 amps. MCCB goes as high as 2,500 amps.

Interrupting rating for an MCB is Up to 200,000 amps for an MCCB.

18,000 amp.

MCB’s are mostly installed for MCCB is generally utilized for

homes. commercial or industrial purposes.

Some MCB’s are not remote Some MCCB units are specially
control but automatic systems. made to respond to remote control
signals, usually as standby power.
ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker)
RCCB (Residual Current Circuit Breaker)
Methods of Earthing
Plate Earthing
 In this method a copper plate of 60cm x 60cm x 3.18cm or a GI plate of the size
60cm x 60cm x 6.35cm is used for earthing.
 The plate is placed vertically down inside the ground at a depth of 3m and is
embedded in alternate layers of coal and salt for a thickness of 15 cm.
 In addition, water is poured for keeping the earth electrode resistance value
well below a maximum of 5 ohms.
 The earth wire is securely bolted to the earth plate. A cement masonry chamber
is built with a cast iron cover for easy regular maintenance.
Earthing mat :
 Earthing mat is made by joining the number of rods through
copper conductors.
 It reduced the overall grounding resistance.
 Such type of system helps in limiting the ground potential.
 Earthing mat is mostly used in a placed where the large fault
current is to be experienced.
Earthing Electrode

In this type of earthing any wire, rod,

pipe, plate or a bundle of
conductors, inserted in the ground
horizontally or vertically.

In distributing systems, the earth

electrode may consist of a rod,
about 1 meter in length and driven
vertically into the ground.

In generating substations, grounding

mat is used rather than individual
rods.
Pipe Earthing:

This is the most common and best system of earthing as compared to

other systems . In this method the galvanized steel and perforated pipe
of approved length and diameter in place upright in a permanently wet
soil. The size of the pipe depends upon the current to be carried and
type of soil.

Normally, the size of the pipe uses for earthing is of diameter 40 mm

and 2.5 meters in length for ordinary soil or of greater length in case of
dry and rocky soil. The depth at which the pipe must be buried depends
on the moistures of the ground.

The pipe is placed at 3.75 meters. The bottom of the pipe is surrounded
by small pieces of coke or charcoal at a distance of about 15 cm.
Alternate layers of coke and salt are used to increase the effective area
of the earth and to decrease the earth resistance respectively.
Another pipe of 19 mm diameter and minimum length 1.25 meters is
connected at the top of GI pipe through reducing socket.

During summer the moisture in the soil decreases, which causes an

increase in earth resistance so, 3 or 4 buckets of water are put
through the funnel connected to 19 mm diameter pipe, which is
further connected to GI pipe.
Earthing Through Water Mains
 Difference between Grounding and Earthing
Basis For Comparison Grounding Earthing
Definition The current carrying part is connected The body of the equipment is connected
to ground. to ground.

Location Between the neutral of the equipment Between the equipment body and earth
and ground pit which is placed under the earth
surface.

Symbol

Protection Protect the power system equipment. Protect the human from electric shock.

Application Provide the return path to the current. It discharges the electrical energy to the
earth.

Types Three (Solid, Resistance and Reactance Five (Pipe, Plate, Rod earthing, earthing
grounding) through tap and strip earthing)

Color of wire Black Green

Use For balancing the unbalance load. For avoiding the electrical shock.

Examples Neutral of generator and power The enclosure of the transformer,

transformer is connected to ground. generator, motor etc. are connected to
the earth.
Difference between Grounding and Earthing
 Wires and Cables

• A wire is made of a single electrical conductor

while a cable is a group or bundle of multiple
wires inside a common sheathing. Both of
them are used for carrying electrical current.
 CONDUCTOR MATERIALS
• High Electrical Conductivity
• Low specific resistance leading to less resistance and high
conductivity
• High Tensile Strength to withstand Mechanical stresses
• Low Cost in order to use long distances
• Low Specific Gravity in order to give low weight per unit volume
• Easy Availability
• Not so brittle
 COMMONLY USED CONDUCTOR MATERIALS

• Copper
• Aluminum
• Steel-Cored Aluminum
• Galvanized Steel
• Cadmium Copper
 COPPER
• High Electrical Conductivity
 Low resistance = 16.78 nΩ•m at
20 °C
 High Current Density
• Greater Tensile Strength
• Small Cross Section Area
 Low wind resistance → less
transverse load in tower
• Expensive
• Durable, high scrap value
• Scarcity
• High cost
 ALUMINUM
• Cheap and light compare to copper
• Less electrical conductivity and tensile
strength
 Conductance = 60% that of copper for
same cross section
 For same resistance areaAl = 1.26 areaCu
• Specific gravity of aluminum is less than
copper.
 Less weight on supports
 generate greater swings hence large cross
arms required
• Low melting point → cannot withstand short-
circuit currents
• Used for low voltage distribution lines
 STEEL CORED ALUMINUM
ASCR(Aluminum Conductor Steel
Reinforced)
• Core of galvanized steel, aluminum conductors it outer layers
• Cross section ratio steel : Al is 1:6 (1:4 for high tensile strength)
• Increase tensile strength
 less sag
 greater span
 lesser tower height
• Universally used in
transmission and
distribution
 GALVANIZED STEEL
• High tensile strength → greater span
• Low conductivity → greater cross sectional area
• Eddy current and hysteresis loss
• Used in small power, small distance system where required
cross section is very low for ACSR or Copper
 CADMIUM COPPER

• Cadmium and Copper alloy

• 1-2% cadmium is added to copper → increase
tensile strength by 50%
• Long span is possible
• Expensive
• Used in small power where cross section required is
small
INTRODUCTION TO WIRES

There are mainly 6 types of wires are there.

• Vulcanised Indian Rubber wire (V.I.R)

• Tough Rubber Sheathed wire (T.R.S)
• Poly Vinyl Chloride wire (P.V.C.)
• Lead alloy sheathed wire
• Weather proof wires
• Flexible wire
Electric Properties of cable: Chemical Properties:

• Dielectric strength • Moisture absorption

• Insulation resistance • Resistance to oil, gas, acids
• Arc resistance and alkalis
• Stability when exposed to
Mechanical Properties: sunlight, ozone, or flames

• Toughness and flexibility Thermal Properties:

• Tensile, elongation and
crushing strengths • Expansion and contraction
• Resistance to moisture • Softening and flow
• Brittleness temperature
• Compatibility with operating,
ambient, or emergency
overload and short circuit
condition
 Types of Cable
1. Single core Cable

2. 2 core Cable

3. 3 Core Cable

4. 3.5 core Cable

5. 4 Core Cable

6. Armoured Cable

7. Unarmoured Cable
Single Core Cables 2 Core Cable
• In 2 Core cable, one
• A single core cable consists of
conductor acts as a face and
stranded conductors twisted
another acts as natural
together and housed in a PVC
conductors, both the
covering.
conductors have equal cross
• It comes as a 6 mm sq. single sectional area.
core, colour coded green and
• It is used in telephone
yellow, and is used for
service and to connect
supplementary earth bonding.
computer devices
 3 Core Cable
• In 3 Core cable all the conductors have equal cross
sectional area. 3 strands carry R,Y & B phase
respectively
• It is used as a Neutral wire.
 3.5 Core Cable
• 3conductors are having the same cross sectional area &
are used for 3 different phase. Therefore this conductor
is treated as half conductor and hence the name is 3.5
core cable.
• It is used to carry the Neutral Current.
 4 Core Cable
• In case of unbalanced load some neutral current exists.
Therefore in some cases 4 core cable is proffered.
• It is used for lighting, load distribution & applications
where unbalanced loading conditions occur frequently.
Armoured Cables Unarmoured Cables
• Constructions of unarmoured cables
• It consists of one or two layers
are same as that armoured cables
of galvanized steel wire or expect that Unarmoured cables are
steel tap. not provided with armouring.
• It is used protection against • Unarmoured cables also consists of
mechanical injury. all parts such as insulation metallic
sheath, bedding & serving.
TELEPHONE CABLE:

• It used in telephones.
• It consists of a thin copper conductor surrounded by insulation.
• One telephone cable contains three to four of these conductors
Construction of Cables

8
 Construction of Cables
Core or Conductor
 A cable may have one or more than one core depending upon the
type of service(1-Ph or 3-Ph) for which it is intended.
 The conductor could be of aluminum or copper and is stranded in
order to provide flexibility to the cable.
Insulation
 The core is provided with suitable thickness of insulation, depending
upon the voltage to be withstood by the cable.
 The commonly used material for insulation are impregnated paper,
varnished cambric or rubber mineral compound(vulcanized bitumen,
PVC, cross-linked polyethylene(XLPE)).
9
 Construction of Cables
Metallic or Lead Sheath
A metallic sheath of lead or aluminum is provided over the
insulation to protect the cable from moisture, gases or others
damaging liquids in the soil.it also protects the insulation from
mechanical damage.
 Lead or lead alloy is generally used.
 AL has high mech strength, low weight and cost when compared
to lead sheath.
Bedding
Bedding is provided to protect the metallic sheath from corrosion
and from mechanical damage due to armouring. It is a fibrous
material like jute or hessian tape. 10
 Construction of Cables
Armouring
 Its purpose is to protect the cable from mechanical injury while
laying it or during the course of handling.
 It consists of one or two layers of galvanized steel wire or two
layers of steel tape.

Serving
 To protect armouring from atmospheric conditions.
 A layer of fibrous material is used over the armouring which is
same as bedding. This is called serving.
11
Construction of Cables
 Insulating Materials for Cables
• Rubber
• Impregnated Paper
• Varnished Cambric
• Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
• XLPE Cables (Cross Linked Poly-ethene)
• Vulcanized India Rubber
• GUTTA PERCHA
• Silk and Cotton:
• Enamel Insulation:
 Electric shock
 An electric shock happens when an electric current passes
through your body.
 This can burn both internal and external tissue and cause organ
damage.
 ENERGY CONSUMPTION
• The formula that links energy and power is:
Energy = Power x Time.
• If we know the power in watts of an appliance and how many
seconds it is used we can calculate the number of joules of
electrical energy which have been converted .
• E.g. If a 40 watt lamp is turned on for one hour, how many
joules of electrical energy have been converted by the lamp?
• Energy (w) = Power x Time = 40 x 3600 = 14,400 joule
• Because the joule is so small, electrical energy supplied to
consumers is bought by the UNIT. The UNIT is the kilowatt hour
(kWh).
• Energy consumption is the consumption of
energy or power of a system using supply
• E(kwh/day) = Power×time(h/day)/1000
• Where,
E is energy in kilowatt-hours(kWh),
P is power in Watts,
t is hours per day.
• Problems to calculate electricity bill and energy consumption

• Calculate the electricity bill amount for a month of April, if 4 bulbs of 40 W for 5 h, 4 tube

lights of 60 W for 5 h, a TV of 100 W for 6 h, a washing machine of 400 W for 3 h are

used per day. The cost per unit is Rs 1.80.

• Solution:

Electric energy consumed per day by 4 bulbs = 4x40 x5 = 800Wh

Electric energy consumed per day by 4 lights = 4x60x5 =1200 Wh

Electric energy consumed per day by TV = 100x6 = 600 Wh

Electric energy consumed per day by washing machine = 400x3 =1200 Wh

⸫Total electric energy consumed by all electric appliances = (800+ 1200 + 600+1200)Wh

= 3800 Wh = 3.8 kWh =3.8 units

Total electric energy consumed in the month of April (30 days) = 3.8 x 30 = 114units

Cost of one unit = Rs. 1.80

• Question 2: Calculate the energy consumption in a
system that consumes 190 Watts of power and works
for 3 hrs a day.
Solution:
Given: Power P = 190 W, time/day = 3 hrs.
The energy consumption is given by,
E = P×t/1000
E(kwh/day) = 190×3×60×60/1000
E(kwh/day)= 2052 J.
Therefore, the energy consumption is 2052
Problem no:3
• A toy car consumes energy of 500 Watts of power if it
works for 2 hrs a day using it. Calculate the energy
consumption a day.

Solution:
Given: Power P = 500 W, time/day = 2 hrs.
The energy consumption is given by,
E(kwh/day) = Pw×t(h/day)/1000(W/kW)
E(kwh/day )= 500×2×60×60/1000
E(kwh/day)= 3600 J.

Therefore, the energy consumption is 3600 J

 POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT
• Power factor is the ratio of active Power(P) to apparent
power(S).
• The phase shift between the voltage and the current of the
circuit is known as the power factor. It is represented by the
cosine of the angle φ.
• COSØ=P/VI;
• P=VICOSØ
• I=P/VCOSØ;
• Current is affected by the power factor.
• The supply voltage is constant, for a given power P required by
the load the current I taken from the load varies inversely as the
load power factor changes.
• This takes more current or low power factor.
• The value of power factor lies between -1 to +1.
• The most economical value of power factor lies between 0.9 to
0.95. If the value of power factor lies below 0.8 (approx), then it
draws more current from the load
 DISADVANTAGES OF LOW POWER FACTOR
• Low Power Factor Is Mainly Due To The Inductive Loads. In
Industries, Mostly Inductive Loads Are Used Like Induction
Motors, arc Lamps, welding equipment, discharge lamps,
heating furnaces Etc Various Purposes. These Inductive Loads
Take Lagging Current .
• For And Hence Results In Low Power Factor.
1.Higher Currents Require Larger Cables,transformers,alternator.
Thus Capital Cost Of The Equipment Is Increased.
2.Higher Currents Give Rise To Higher Copper Losses In The System
And Therefore Efficiency Of The System Is Reduced. The loss can
be reduced by correcting the power factor of the system.
3.Higher currents produce larger voltage drops in cables and results
in poor voltage regulation.
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT METHODS
• The power factor can by improved by using the
capacitors or through the synchronous
condenser.
• Case1:
• Case2:The basic principle for power factor improvement is
to connect a device which take leading current in parallel
with inductive loads to neutralize the effect of lagging
current. Capacitor is one such device.
• This inductive load is taking lagging current at a power
factor of cosØ1. When a capacitor is connected across this
load, it will takes current Ic leading by an angle 90 degree
with the supply voltage V as shown in figure below
 EXPLANTION OF PHASOR DIAGRAM:
• The net line current I’ is the phasor sum of load current I
and capacitor current Ic.
• Since the reactive current component (i.e. IsinØ1) of load is
partially neutralized by the leading capacitor currentIc,
therefore the resultant line current I’ will lag with the supply
voltage by an angle less than Ø1.
• This current I’ is shown to be lagging by an angle Ø2 in the
figure. Since Ø2<Ø1, this means that cosØ1<cosØ2.
• Thus power factor of the load is corrected to cosØ2 from
earlier value of cosØ1.
 INTRODUCTION TO BATTERIES
• The first battery invented by Alexandra Volta
in the year1799 .
• In 1800,volta done an experiment by taking
two metals like copper and zinc discs
separated by cloth soaked in brine(electrolyte)
to increase the conductivity.
• Batteries are most common power source to
large scale industrial applications..
 DEFINATION OF A BATTERY
• A BATTERY can be defined as
Combination of one or more electrochemical
cells capable of converting stored chemical
energy from chemical reaction into electrical
energy.(that under chemical reactions to create
flow of electrons within the circuit).
• Strictly Battery consists of one or more
electrochemical cells connected in series or
parallel or both to provide the required operating
voltage and current
• Note: only DC can be stored in a batteries ac
current can’t be stored
 COMPONENTS OF BATTERY
• A battery / cell consist of three major components and they are
1.cathode 2.anode and 3. electrolyte.
• Anode (Negative Electrode): The anode is an electrode, where
the oxidation reaction occurs, which releases electrons to the
external circuit and reduced during the electrochemical reaction.
• Materials that can be used for the negative electrode in batteries
(i) Metals: Li, Na, Zn, Cd.
• Metal alloys (for example, lithium alloys, where the alloying
elements can be Al, Sn.
• Cathode (Positive Electrode): The cathode is an electrode where
the reduction reaction occurs, which accepts electrons from
external circuit and oxidized during the electrochemical reaction.
• The following are the commonly used cathode materials in
batteries(i) Metal oxides (such as Mn02, PbO, etc.) and metal
sulfides (such as TiS2, NbS3, MoS2) etc.
• Electrolyte: The Electrolyte is an ionic
conductor with negligibly small electronic
conduction, which provides the medium for
transfer of ions from one electrode to another
electrode and also prevent short circuit.
Important properties of the electrolyte are non
reactivity with electrode materials.
• Batteries are classified into different types based on
chemical compostion,size,electrolyte.
• There are 2 types of batteries.
• 1.primary batteries
• 2.secondary batteries
• Primary batteries(single time use)
• As the name indicates battery that cannot be recharged as
these batteries are irreversibly.
• It is used for single time..
• They exists in different forms like
AA,AAA,mg/mno2,alkaline batteries
• Applications: wrist watches, television remotes, wall
clocks,torch lights (zinc carbon cells), portable
radios,flashlights, voting machines ,alkanline batteries for
 TYPES OF BATTERIES
I The primary/disposable battery converts
chemical energy to electrical energy directly,
using the chemical materials within the cell to start
the action.
I Primary batteries are used once and discarded.
I The secondary battery must first be charged with
electrical energy before it can convert chemical
energy to electrical energy.
I The secondary battery is frequently called a
storage battery, since it stores the energy that is
supplied to it
• SECONDARY BATTERIES can be
recharged/discharged multiple times by applying
electric current to the cell which reverses the chemical
reactions restoring their original position.
• Such batteries are used in mobile phones ,mp3 players
etc.
• Lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium for
laptops/mobile phones, Nickel cadmium
battery(European countries is banned),south asian
countries nickel zinc battery is used.
 Lithium ion battery technology found wide range of
applications due to its enhanced performance
• Mobile Electronics: Lithium ion rechargeable batteries
are the best choice for many of portable devices, such
as, camera, laptop, camcorder, i-pod, etc., because of
the light weight and enhanced over all performance.
• Nanotechnology: Lithium battery technology exhibits a
promising appication as a power source in the emerging
nanotechnology.
• Disadvantage is dissipation of active material, internal
corrosion.
BATTERIES IN SERIES AND PARALLEL
 BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS
• Type of battery we select based on various factors,
the electrical contraptions plays a major role in our
day to day life from alarms we wakeup to mobile
phones we use.
• 1.VOLTAGE:refers to p.d between 2 points i.e
developed between positive and negative terminals,
type of material used for electrode and electrolyte
• Different batteries have different operating limet of
voltage.
• For example lithium has higher maximum voltage
than lead acid battery because of more chemical
action.
• No of cells increases in series means voltage
increases.
• Also emf is not constant but differs with
i.specific gravity of electrolyte(depends on internal
resistance)
ii.temperature
iii.Duration of time for which it is charged.
2.Size:button cells in laptops,calculators,data centers for
big rooms, industries are used
3.Capacity(backup):
• The capacity of a cell or a battery is essentially
the amount of current or electrical energy that can
be obtained from a cell/battery after it is fully
charged.
• The Capacity of a cell is expressed in Ampere-
hour because it is the integration of the current
supplied by the cell over time.
• A rated capacity of 10-AH of a cell means that if
a current equal to one ampere is drawn from the
battery then it will last for 10 hours before it gets
discharged
• Discharging depends on the load connected to battery for
example:
• 100A for 1hour
• 50A for 2hour
• 10A for 10hour
4.Memory effect: how it is charging whether it is charging in
particular pattern or randomly charging it affects the
charging.
5.overcharging:it affects the charging
State of charge:if charge is 100%
(Opposite to soc)Depth of discharge: is 0%
German scientist peukerts law k=1.3
 6.

7.
 BATTERY BACKUP
• A Battery backup provides power to a system
when the primary source of power is unavailable.
• Backup batteries range from small single cells to
retain clock time and date in computers,upto
large battery room facilities that uninterruptible
power supply systems for large data centers.
• Small backup batteries may be primary cells;
rechargeable backup batteries are kept charged
by prime power supply.
 Applications:
• Aircraft emergency batteries, it is not a car like stop and
repair, so we require a backup for aircraft for
emergencies.
• Burglar alarms
• Computers
• Telephones
• Telecommunication networks
• Hospitals
• Power stations
• Video game cartridges
 POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT
• Power factor is the ratio of active Power(P) to apparent power(S).
• The phase shift between the voltage and the current of the circuit is
known as the power factor. It is represented by the cosine of the angle φ
• COSØ=P/VI;
• P=VICOSØ
• I=P/VCOSØ;
• Current is affected by the power factor.
• The supply voltage is constant, for a given power P required by
the load the current I taken from the load varies inversely as the
load power factor changes.
• This takes more current or low power factor.
• The value of power factor lies between -1 to +1.
• The most economical value of power factor lies between 0.9 to
0.95. If the value of power factor lies below 0.8 (approx), then it
draws more current from the load
 DISADVANTAGES OF LOW POWER FACTOR
• Low Power Factor Is Mainly Due To The Inductive Loads. In
Industries, Mostly Inductive Loads Are Used Like Induction
Motors, arc Lamps,welding equipment,discharge lamps,heating
furnaces Etc Various Purposes. These Inductive Loads Take
Lagging Current .ForAnd Hence Results In Low Power Factor.
1.Higher Currents Require Larger Cables,transformers,alternator.
Thus Capital Cost Of The Equipment Is Increased.
2.Higher Currents Give Rise To Higher Copper Losses In The
System And Therefore Efficiency Of The System Is Reduced.
The loss can be reduced by correcting the power factor of the
system.
3.Higher currents produce larger voltage drops in cables and results
in poor voltage regulation.
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT METHODS
• The power factor can by improved by using the
capacitors or through the synchronous
condenser.
• Case1:
• Case2:The basic principle for power factor improvement is
to connect a device which take leading current in parallel
with inductive loads to neutralize the effect of lagging
current. Capacitor is one such device.
• This inductive load is taking lagging current at a power
factor of cosØ1. When a capacitor is connected across this
load, it will takes current Ic leading by an angle 90 degree
with the supply voltage V as shown in figure below
 EXPLANTION OF PHASOR DIAGRAM:
• The net line current I’ is the phasor sum of load current I
and capacitor current Ic.
• Since the reactive current component (i.e. IsinØ1) of load is
partially neutralized by the leading capacitor currentIc,
therefore the resultant line current I’ will lag with the supply
voltage by an angle less than Ø1.
• This current I’ is shown to be lagging by an angle Ø2 in the
figure. Since Ø2<Ø1, this means that cosØ1<cosØ2.
• Thus power factor of the load is corrected to cosØ2 from
earlier value of cosØ1.