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Chp 3 Transport Layer_100529

Transport Layer

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8 views

Chp 3 Transport Layer_100529

Transport Layer

Uploaded by

zahidullahh72
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

James F. Kurose & Keith W.

Ross
Computer Network
A Top-Down Approach

Chapter 3
Transport Layer

Lecturer By: Hedayatullah ”Adel”


Introduction & Services
 The transport layer in the TCP/IP suit is located between
the application layer and the network layer.
 It provides services to the application layer and receives
services from the network layer.
Introduction and Transport-Layer Services
 A transport-layer protocol provides for logical
communication between application processes running
on different hosts.
 transport-layer protocols are implemented in the end
systems but not in network routers.
 more than one transport-layer protocol may be available
to network applications.
 For example, the Internet has two protocols—TCP and UDP.
Each of these protocols provides a different set of transport-
layer services to the invoking application
Relationship Between Transport and Network Layers
 a transport-layer protocol provides logical communication
between processes running on different hosts.
 a network-layer protocol provides logical communication
between hosts.
Overview of the Transport Layer in the Internet
 The Internet and a TCP/IP network makes two distinct
transport-layer protocols available to the application
layer.
 One of these protocols is UDP (User Datagram Protocol),
which provides an unreliable, connectionless service to
the invoking application.
 The second of these protocols is TCP (Transmission
Control Protocol), which provides a reliable, connection-
oriented service to the invoking application.
 When designing a network application, the application
developer must specify one of these two transport
protocols.
Cont.
 TCP message: segments
 UDP message: datagram
Services provide by TCP
 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
a. Reliability: TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that ensures
reliable and ordered delivery of data packets between devices.
b. Flow control: TCP implements flow control mechanisms to
prevent the sender from overwhelming the receiver with data.
This helps in managing the rate of data transmission.
c. Acknowledgment: TCP requires the receiver to acknowledge the
receipt of data packets, enabling the sender to retransmit any lost
packets.
d. Sequencing: TCP numbers each byte of data sent, allowing the
receiver to reconstruct the data in the correct order.
Services provided by UDP
 UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
a. Connectionless: UDP is a connectionless protocol that does not
guarantee delivery a packets.
b. Low Overhead: UDP has lower overhead compared to TCP since
it lacks the error-checking and correction mechanisms of TCP.
c. Fast Transmission: UDP is preferred for applications where
speed and lower latency are more critical than guaranteed
delivery, such as real-time multimedia streaming and online
gaming
Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
 multiplexing and demultiplexing are important processes
that occur at the transport layer to enable multiple
applications to communicate over a single network
connection.
Multiplexing
 Multiplexing is the process of combining multiple data
streams into a single, unified stream for transmission
over a shared medium.
 multiplexing allows multiple transport layer connections
to be established over a single network connection.
 When a computer sends data over a network, multiple
applications may be running simultaneously, each
requiring its own transport layer connection.
Demultiplexing
Port Address
 A computer can run several processes/programs at the
same time.
 To define the process, we need an identifiers, called port
numbers.
 Port number: 16 bits
 Number of port numbers possible = 216 = 65536 port
numbers
 In the TCP/IP protocol suite, the port numbers are integers
between 0 and 65535.
Port Numbering
ICANN Ranges
 ICANN has divided the port numbers into three ranges:
well-known, registered, and dynamic ( or private).
Port addressing
• ICANN has divided the port numbers into three ranges:
well-known, registered, and dynamic.
1. Well-known ports: ranging from 0 to 1023 are
assigned and controlled by ICANN.
2. Registered ports: ranging from 1024 to 49151 are no
assigned or controlled by ICANN. They can only be
registered with ICANN to prevent duplication.
3. Dynamic ports: ranging from 49152 to 65535 are
neither controlled nor registered. They can be used as
temporary or private port numbers.
Port addressing
 The client program defines itself with a port number.
 The server process must also define itself with a port
number.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
 we typically label one of the two processes as the client
and the other process as the server. With the Web, a
browser is a client process and a Web server is a server
process. With P2P file sharing, the peer that is
downloading the file is labeled as the client, and the peer
that is uploading the file is labeled as the server.

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