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Types of Foundation

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Himanshu Sahani
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19 views

Types of Foundation

Uploaded by

Himanshu Sahani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

TOPIC :

FOUNDATION
AND
ITS TYPES
1
FOUNDATION :
 It is the lowest part of a structure below the G.L which is
in direct contact with the ground and transmits all the
loads to the ground.
 Majority of structure fails due to failure of their

foundation.

2
PURPOSE OF FOUNDATION :
 To distribute the wt. (Load) of the structure over large
area.
 To support the structures.
 To distribute the non-uniform load of the super structure,
uniformly to the sub-soil.
 To provide a level and hard surface for concerting and
masonry work.
 To load the sub stratum evenly and thus prevent unequal
settlement.
 To take the structure deep into the ground and thus
increase its lateral stability, preventing overturning. 3
TYPE OF FOUNDATION :

1.Spread footing
2. Combined footing
Shallow
3.Strap footing
foundation
4. Raft or mat foundation
D=<B
5. Grillage Foundation
6. Eccentrically loaded footing
foundation

1. Pile Foundation
Deep foundation
2. Caissons or well foundation
D>B
3. Coffer dams

4
SHALLOW FOUNDATION:
If depth of footing is less than or equal to width of footing, it is called shallow
foundation.
D<=B
DEEP FOUNDATION:
If depth of footing is more than the width of footing, it is called deep
foundation.
D>B
TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
 Spread footing
 Combined footing

 Strap footing

 Raft foundation

 Grillage foundation

 Eccentrically loaded footing


1. SPREAD FOOTING
In case of spread footings, the base of footing is made wider so as to
distribute the load aver wide area.

Various types of spread footings are :


A. Wall footings
B. Reinforced concrete footings
C. Inverted arch footings
D. Column footings
A. WALL FOOTINGS
A spread footing for a continuous wall is called wall footing or strip footing.

There are two types of wall footings:


1. Simple wall footings without offsets
2. Wall footing with masonry offsets

 When the wall carries light loads or when the safe bearing capacity of soil is
very high, simple strip footing is provided.
 The wall directly rests on the concrete base.
 A bed of clean concrete of uniform thickness not less than 15 cm is provided
below wall.
 When the wall carries heavy loads or when the safe bearing capacity of
soil is less, the base width required will be more. In that case, it is
essential to provide masonry offsets, to achieve larger spread, before the
load is transferred to concrete base.
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B. REINFORCED CONCRETE FOOTING

 In places where walls are subjected to heavy loads and bearing


capacity of soil is low, the wall footing described above will
work out to be massive in size.
 In such cases it is desirable to provide reinforced concrete

footings below the wall.


 This reduces the volume of masonry work in footing and depth

of bed concrete and as such proves to be economical.


 A 7 to 8 cm thick bed of lean concrete is usually provided below

the reinforced concrete footing.


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C. INVERTED ARCH FOOTING
 This type of construction is used on soft soils to reduce the depth of
foundation.
 One of the drawbacks in this type of construction is that the end
column must be strong enough to resist the outward pressure caused
by the arch action.
 Now a days rarely used in construction.
D. COLUMN FOOTINGS

 They are used to support individual columns. they can be either


stepped typed or projections in the concrete base.
 In case of heavy loaded columns, steel reinforcement is provided in
both the directions in concrete bed.
 Generally 15 cm offset is provided on all sides of concrete bed.
 The footing of column may be a slab, stepped or sloped as shown in
figure.
15
2. COMBINED FOOTING
 A Combined footing supports two columns. It may be rectangular
or trapezoidal in shape.

 A combined footing is provided when two columns are so close to


each other that their individual footings would overlap.

 The location of Centre of gravity of column loads and the centroid


of the footing should coincide.
17
3. STRAP FOOTING
 A Strap footing consists of two isolated footings connected with a
structural strap or a lever.

 The strap connects the two footings such that they behave as one
unit.

 The strap simply acts as a connecting beam and does not take any
soil reaction.

 A strap footing is more economical than a combined footing when


the allowable soil pressure is relatively high and the distance
between the columns are large.
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 A balanced footing which is also called as strap footings
consists of two separate footings connected by a strap beam.
 Balanced footing is required where the one of the footing has

limited space for bearing, or if there is any restriction over the


transfer of pressure from the footing to the ground. This case
may arise where there is difference in soil bearing capacity, or
loose soil beneath one of the footing.
 The loads in a balanced footing is transferred from one footing

to the other by means of cantilever action, thus it is also called


as a cantilever footing.

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4. RAFT FOUNDATION
 A raft or mat foundation is a large slab supporting a number of
columns and walls under the entire structure or a large part of the
structure.

A raft foundation is suitable under the following conditions:


 When the allowable soil pressure is low.
 When the structural loads are heavy.
 When the columns and walls are so close that their individual
footings would overlap.
 Where there is large variation in the loads on individual column.
 When foundation soil is non homogeneous and there are chances of
differential settlements.
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5. GRILLAGE FOUNDATION
 This type of foundation is used to transmit heavy loads from steel
columns to the soil having low bearing power.

 This type of arrangement avoids deep excavations and provides


necessary area at the base to reduce the intensity of pressure.

 It is made up of rolled steel joist (RSJ), known as grillage beams


provided in single or double tier.

 In double tier arrangement the top tier is laid perpendicular to the


bottom tier.
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6. ECCENTRICALLY LOADED FOOTINGS .

 The footings are so designed and proportioned that the


C.G. of the superimposed load coincides with the C.G. of
the base area, so that the footing is subjected to concentric
loading, resulting in uniform bearing pressure.
 However, in some cases, it may not be possible to do so.
For example, if the wall (or column) under construction is
near some other property, it will not be possible to spread
the footing to both the sides of the wall or column.

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