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18EE56- HVE_Module2_PPT2

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17 views20 pages

18EE56- HVE_Module2_PPT2

Uploaded by

priyamanoharioxfordeee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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18EE56 – High Voltage

Engineering
Module – 2
Generation of High Voltages and Currents

• Generation of High Direct Current Voltages


• Generation of High Alternating Voltages
• Generation of Impulse Voltages
• Generation of Impulse Currents
• Tripping and Control of Impulse Generators
Generation of High Direct Current Voltages

• Half wave and Full wave Rectifier Circuits - DC


• Voltage Multiplier Circuits - Voltage Doubler
Circuits – DC ( Single Stage & Cascaded)
• Voltage Multiplier Circuits -Cockcroft Voltage
Multiplier – DC
• Vande Graaff Generators – DC
Voltage Doubler Circuit

• Both full wave and half wave rectifier circuits produce


a d.c. voltage less than the a.c. maximum voltage.
• When higher d.c voltages are needed, a Voltage
Doubler Circuits or cascaded rectifier Doubler circuits
are used
Voltage Doubler Circuit

• The half-wave voltage Doubler is composed of two


circuits:
• a clamper
• and half-wave rectifier. C1 has been added to a half-
wave rectifier.
Voltage Doubler Circuit

During positive half cycle:


• Diode D1 is forward Biased. So it allows electric current
through it.
• This current will flows to the capacitor C1 and it charges C1 to
the peak value of input voltage ie Vm.
• However, current does not flow to the capacitor C2 because
the diode D2 is reverse biased .
• So the diode D2 blocks the electric current flowing towards
the capacitor C2. Therefore, during the positive half cycle,
capacitor C1 is charged whereas capacitor C2 is uncharged.
Voltage Doubler Circuit

During negative half cycle:


• Diode D1 is reverse biased, the capacitor C1 will not be charged.
However, the charge Vmstored in the capacitor C1 is discharged On
the other hand, the diode D2 is forward biased during the negative
half cycle.
• This current will flows to the capacitor C2 and charges it.
• The capacitor C2 charges to a value 2Vm because the input voltage
Vm and capacitor C1 voltage Vm is added to the capacitor C2.
• Therefore, the capacitor C2 is charged to 2Vm.
• If a load is connected to the circuit at the output side, the charge
(2Vm) stored in the capacitor C2 is discharged and flows to the
Voltage Doubler Circuit

Advantages of Voltage Doubler


• Can replace the expensive and heavy transformers.
• Negative voltage can also be created by reversing the
polarity of the connected diodes and Capacitors.
• Can increase the voltage multiplication factor by cascading
the similar voltage multipliers.
Application of Voltage Doubler
The applications of voltage doublers include:
Ion pumps, Television CRT, X-Ray systems, Copy machine, Radar
equipment, Travelling wave tubes etc
Cascaded Voltage Doubler Circuit

• Cascaded voltage doublers are used when larger output


voltages are needed without changing the input transformer
voltage level
• The rectifiers R1 and R2 with transformer T1 and capacitors
C1 and C2 produce an output voltage of 2V in the same way
as described earlier.
• This circuit is duplicated and connected in series or cascade
to obtain further voltage doubling to 4V.
• T is an isolating transformer to give an insulation for 2 Vmax.
since the transformer T2 is at a potential of 2 Vmax above the
ground.
Cascaded Voltage Doubler Circuit

Disadvantages
of Voltage
Doubler
requires Many
Isolating
Transformers.
Cockcroft-Walton Voltage Multiplier

• The Cockcroft-Walton (CW) Voltage multiplier is named for


the Irish-British physicists John Douglas Cockcroft
• CW multipliers are still used quite a bit in situations where
very high voltages at relatively low currents are needed such
as in:
 Photocopiers & photomultipliers
 Geiger counters - used for detecting and measuring ionizing
radiation.
 ion generators – used in air purifier
 bug zappers – used in Flies killer
Cockcroft-Walton Voltage Multiplier

Figure shows a two-stage CW multiplier. Each stage consists of


two capacitors and two diodes. In this case stage one consists of
capacitors C1 and C2, and diodes D1 and D2. The second stage
consists of C3, C4, D3 and D4. The input to the circuit is an AC
voltage which can be sinusoidal or in the form of a square wave.
Working of Cockcroft-Walton Voltage Multiplier

we will assume the input is a square wave centered on zero


volts and with a 10V peak. This means in positive half-cycles the
input voltage is +10V and in negative half-cycles it is -10V. We
will ignore the diode voltage drops for the purposes of the
analysis. We’ll also assume that all of the capacitors are
discharged when we start, so the voltages at nodes A through E
are all zero.
Working of Cockcroft-Walton Voltage Multiplier

At step (i) the input voltage (node A) swings negative, charging


C1 to 10V via D1. The voltage at node B remains zero.
Working of Cockcroft-Walton Voltage Multiplier

When the input voltage swings positive in step (ii), node B is


rises to 20V because the voltage on C1 is in series with input
voltage. D1 is reverse biased, but D2 now conducts, charging C2
and therefore node C to 20V.
Working of Cockcroft-Walton Voltage Multiplier

At step (iii) the input voltage reverses again, recharging C1 via


D1 as before. D2 is reverse biased but D3 now conducts,
charging C3 to 20V since node B is again at zero volts.
Working of Cockcroft-Walton Voltage Multiplier

Now when the input voltage goes positive in step (iv) Node B is
driven to 20V as before. This time, since C3 is charged to 20V,
node D rises to 40V (the 10V input plus 10V across C1 plus 20V
across C3). D4 now conducts charging C4 to 20V.
Working of Cockcroft-Walton Voltage Multiplier

Subsequent cycles just continue this pattern. If there are more


stages, the multiplication continues. In theory each stage adds
another 20V to the output with the final voltage given by the
peak-to-peak input voltage times the number of stages.
Working of Cockcroft-Walton Voltage Multiplier

The output of each stage (nodes C and E) is a DC voltage. The


intermediate nodes (B and D) have an AC component similar to
the input node but offset by an increasing DC level. One of the
benefits of this is that the capacitors and diodes in any stage
only ever see the peak-to-peak voltage of the input across them
(20V in our case), regardless of the output voltage.
Working of Cockcroft-Walton Voltage Multiplier
Vande Graaff Generators – DC

The output of each stage (nodes C and E) is a DC voltage. The


intermediate nodes (B and D) have an AC component similar to
the input node but offset by an increasing DC level. One of the
benefits of this is that the capacitors and diodes in any stage
only ever see the peak-to-peak voltage of the input across them
(20V in our case), regardless of the output voltage.

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