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Most Economical Sections

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Rujul Kaushal
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205 views42 pages

Most Economical Sections

Uploaded by

Rujul Kaushal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Most Economical Sections

• A section of a channel is said to be most economical when the


cost of construction of the channel is minimum.
• But the cost of construction of a channel depends upon the
excavation and the lining.
• To keep the cost down or minimum, the wetted perimeter, for
a given discharge, should be minimum.
• This condition is utilized for determining the dimensions of an
economical sections of different form of channels.
• Most economical section is also called the best section or
most efficient section as the discharge, through a most
economical section of channel for a given cross-sectional area
(A), slope of the bed (i) and a resistance co-efficient, is
maximum. But the discharge, Q is given by equation as
• Q=A
• Q=A
• For a given A, and resistance co-efficient C,
the above equation is written as
• Q =K
• Where K =AC = constant
• Hence the discharge, Q will be maximum,
when the wetted perimeter P is minimum.
• This condition will be used for determining
the best section of a channel i.e., best
dimensions of a channel for a given area.
Most Efficient Rectangular Channel
• The condition for most economical section, is that for a
given area, the perimeter should be minimum.
• Consider a rectangular channel as shown in Fig.
• Let, b = Width of Channel d = Depth of the flow then
Area, A = b × d & Wetted Perimeter P = b + 2d
• From above we get b = A / d,
• Substituting this value in case of wetted perimeter, we
get P = b + 2d = A/d + 2d
• Now, for most efficient channel section, P should be
minimum for a given area
• =0
• [ + 2d] = 0
• - +2=0

• But
• =2
• Hydraulic Mean Depth , R = =
• R= = = =

• R=
Triangular Channel of Best Section
• A = Area
• Top width = 2ytan
• A = (2ytan
• A = tan or y =
• P = 2ySec
• P =2 Sec
• P =2
• P =2
• P=2
• For Q to be maximum, P should be minimum
and for this condition , Since A is constant
should be minimum
• =0
• - =0
• =
• =
• Cos = Sin
• = 45°
• y= =
• A=
• Wetted Perimeter P = 2ySec
• P = 2ySec 2 y
• R=

• R=
Most Efficient Trapezoidal Channel Section

• The trapezoidal section of a channel will be


most economical when its wetted perimeter is
minimum.
• Consider a trapezoidal channel section as
shown in fig.
• Let, b = width of channel
• Bottom d = Depth of the flow
• θ = angle made by the sides with horizontal
• nd × d

• -
• P=b+2
• P=b+2
• P= - +2
• =0
• [- +2]=0
• - - +2 =0
• + =2
• + =2
• + =2
• =2
• =2
• =
• =2
• Hydraulic mean depth
• R=
• R=
• R=
• R= =
• R=
Best Side Slope for Most Economical
Trapezoidal Section
• For the most economical trapezoidal section
depth of flow d and area A, n is the only
variable.
• Best side slope will be when section is most
economical or in other words, P is minimum.
For P to be minimum we have, dP/dn = 0
• =0
• P= - +2
• [- +2]=0
• -+ 2 × = 0
• -+ = 0
• =
• Squaring
• 4= +1
• =1
• If the sloping side makes an angle θ with the
horizontal then
• Tan θ= = = Tan 60°
• θ= 60°
Flow through circular section
• The flow of a liquid through a circular pipe, when the level of
liquid in the pipe is below the top of the pipe is classified as
an Open Channel flow.
• The rate of flow through circular channel is determined from
the depth of flow and angle subtended by the liquid surface
at the centre of the circular channel.
• Fig. shows a circular channel through which water is flowing.
• Let d = depth of water,
• 2θ = angle subtended by water surface AB at the centre in
radians
• R = radius of the channel
• Then the wetted perimeter and wetted area is
determined as:
• Wetted Perimeter ,P = × =
• Wetted area, A = Area ADBA
• = Area of Sector OADBO – Area of ΔABO
• = × -
• = -
• =-
• = -
• = -
• A=(- )
• Hydraulic mean depth
• R= =
• R = (- )
• For most economical circular section, if we
want to change the depth and at the same
time area is to be maintained as constant , we
have to change the radius , but by doing so
angle subtended at the centre also changes,
which will change the area. Thus area can not
be maintained as constant.
Most Economical Circular Section
• As discussed that for a most economical section the
discharge for a constant cross-sectional area, slope of bed
and resistance co-efficient, is maximum.
• But in case of circular channels, the area of flow cannot be
maintained constant.
• With the change of depth of flow in a circular channel of
any radius, the wetted area and wetted perimeter changes.
• Thus, in case of circular channels, for most economical
section, two separate conditions are obtained.
• They are: i. Conditions for maximum velocity, and ii.
Condition for maximum discharge.
Condition for Maximum Velocity for Circular Section:

• Fig. shows a circular channel through which water is


flowing.
• Let, d = depth of water,
• 2θ = Angle subtended at the center by water surface, R =
radius of channel,
• and = slope of the bed
• The Velocity of flow through a circular channel is maximum
when the hydraulic mean depth R or A/P is maximum for a
given value of C and .
• In case of circular pipe, the variable is θ only.
• Hence for maximum value A/P we have the condition,
• =0
• Where A & P both are function of .
• The value of wetted area, A is given by
equation as
• A=(- )
• The value of wetted perimeter, P is given by
eqn as: P = 2r
• Differentiating eqn with respect to , we have:
• =0
• = 0 ----------(i)
• =(- ×2)=(-)
• = 2r
• Substituting the value of P, and in eq (i)
• =0
• =0
• =0
• ) =0
• =0
•
• =2
• =
• Solving we get = 257°30’
• = 128°45’
• Depth of flow for maximum velocity =
• d= OD – OC = r -r =1.62r =
• d = 0.81D
• Where D = 2r (diameter of the circular section)
• Hydraulic mean depth for max. velocity
• R= = =[]
• Where = 128.75° = 128.75 × = 2.247rad
• R = 0.611× = 0.3055D
Condition for Maximum Discharge
• Q = AC
• Q=C
• For constant values of C and , the discharge
will be maximum, when is maximum
• ) =0
• Differentiating and equating to zero
• =0
• =0
• Dividing by
• =0
• But we know
P = 2rθ
• P = 2rθ
• = 2r
• Also
• A=(- )
• =
• =0
• Substituting the various terms
• 32rθ- ( - ) = 0
• 6θ- 2( - ) = 0
• Dividing by 2
• 3θ- ( - ) = 0
• 3- 3 + = 0
• 3- 3 + = 0
• 2- 3 + = 0
• 4- + = 0
• Solving
• = 308°
• =154°
• Depth of flow for maximum discharge
• d= OD – OC = r -r
• d= 0.95D

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