Digital System Design

(EEE-344)

Week 1

Instructor:
Wajeeha Khan
Lecturer
[email protected]
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department,
CUI
Lahore Campus

Office:
Block-B, Room No. B14
Timings:
0900-1630 (Preferable: E-mail me)
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 About the Course

Topics to Be Covered:

1.Introduction to Digital Systems

2.Combinational Logic Design
3.Sequential Logic Design – Controllers
4.Datapath Components
5.Register-Transfer Level (RTL) Design
6.Optimizations and Trandsoff
7.Programmable Logic Arrays (PAL), Programmable Arrays
Logic (PLA)
8.Physical Implementation

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Course learning Outcomes:

• CLO 1: Analyze the working of advanced combinational and sequential logic-

based systems using the classical principals of digital logic design. (PLO2-C4)

• CLO2: Design of advanced combinational and sequential logic-based systems

using the classical principals of digital logic design. (PLO3-C5)

• CLO 3: Design of digital systems in a hierarchical and top-down manner using

register-transfer logic (RTL) approach. (PLO3-C5)

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 About the Course

• Rules of Engagement
• Attendance does matter, be aware!
• Protection of your copy is YOUR responsibility! All
matching Assignments/quiz/lab work will lose marks
EQUALLY.
• ONLY email or meeting in office hours
• Slides will be given after the lecture via CU-Online tool or
via CR ONLY
• NO EMAILS for personal requests before/during/after
exams.
• Its all interactive.

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 Digital System Design

Chapter 1: Introduction

Slides to accompany the textbook Digital Design, First Edition,

by Frank Vahid, John Wiley and Sons Publishers, 2007.
http://www.ddvahid.com

Copyright © 2007 Frank Vahid

Instructors of courses requiring Vahid's Digital Design textbook (published by John Wiley and Sons) have permission to modify and use these slides for customary course-related activities,
subject to keeping this copyright notice in place and unmodified. These slides may be posted as unanimated pdf versions on publicly-accessible course websites.. PowerPoint source (or pdf
with animations) may not be posted to publicly-accessible websites, but may be posted for students on internal protected sites or distributed directly to students by other electronic means.
Instructors may make printouts of the slides available to students for a reasonable photocopying charge, without incurring royalties. Any other use requires explicit permission. Instructors
may obtain PowerPoint source or obtain special use permissions from Wiley – see http://www.ddvahid.com for information. 5
 1.1

Why Study Digital Design?

• Look “under the hood” of computers
• Solid understanding --> confidence, insight, even
better programmer when aware of hardware
resource issues
• Electronic devices becoming digital
• Enabled by shrinking and more capable chips
• Enables:
• Better devices: Better sound recorders, cameras, cars,
cell phones, medical devices,...
• New devices: Video games, ...
• Known as “embedded systems”
• Thousands of new devices every year
• Designers needed: Potential career direction

Satellites DVD Video Musical

players recorders instruments
Portable
music players Cell phones Cameras TVs ???

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

• Years shown above indicate when digital version began to dominate
– (Not the first year that a digital version appeared) 6
Note: Slides with animation are denoted with a small red "a" near the animated items
 1.2

What Does “Digital” Mean?

• Analog signal • Digital signal
• Infinite possible values
• Ex: voltage on a wire created by
– Finite possible values
microphone • Ex: button pressed on a
keypad
Sound waves
move the
membrane, 1 2 3 4

2
which moves digital
the magnet,
signal
microphone
analog
signal Possible values:
which creates
current in the nearby wire 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
Possible values: That’s it.
1.00, 1.01, 2.0000009, 4
value

value
... infinite possibilities 3
2
1
0
time time

7
 Digital Signals with Only Two
Values: Binary
• Binary digital signal -- only two possible values
• Typically represented as 0 and 1

value
• One binary digit is a bit
• We’ll only consider binary digital signals 1
• Binary is popular because 0
• Transistors, the basic digital electric component, operate time
using two voltages (more in Ch. 2)
• Storing/transmitting one of two values is easier than three
or more (e.g., loud beep or quiet beep, reflection or no
reflection)

8
 Example of Digitization Benefit
• Analog signal (e.g., audio) may

lengthy transmission
Volts

(e.g, cell phone)

lose quality 3 3
• Voltage levels not 2 2
saved/copied/transmitted original signal 1 received signal
1
perfectly
0 0
• Digitized version enables near- time time
perfect save/cpy/trn. How fix -- higher, lower, ?
01 10 11 10 11
• “Sample” voltage at particular

lengthy transmission
rate, save sample using bit a2d

(e.g, cell phone)

Volts
a
encoding
• Voltage levels still not kept
1 digitized signal 1
perfectly
0 0
• But we can distinguish 0s from
1s time time
Can fix -- easily distinguish 0s
Let bit encoding be: s and 1s, restore
1 V: “01” Digitized signal not
01 10 11 10 11
am
d2a e
2 V: “10” perfect re-creation,
Volts

3
3 V: “11” but higher sampling
rate and more bits per 2
encoding brings closer. 1
0 time 9
 Digitized Audio: Compression
Benefit
• Digitized audio can be Example compression scheme:
compressed 00 --> 0000000000
• e.g., MP3s 01 --> 1111111111
• A CD can hold about 20 songs 1X --> X
uncompressed, but about 200
compressed
0000000000 0000000000 0000001111 1111111111
• Compression also done on
digitized pictures (jpeg), 00 00 10000001111 01
movies (mpeg), and more
• Digitization has many other
benefits too

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 How Do We Encode Data as Binary for
Our Digital System?
a
analog button

phenomena • Some inputs inherently binary

0 1
• Button: not pressed (0), pressed
sensors and
other inputs (1) red blue green black
electric digital • Some inputs inherently digital
signal data 0 0 0
• Just need encoding in binary
A2D red blue green black

digital
• e.g., multi-button input: encode
data red=001, blue=010, ... 0 0 1

Digital System • Some inputs analog red blue green black

• Need analog-to-digital
digital digital
data data conversion 0 1 0

air 33
D2A • As done in earlier slide -- sample
degrees
electric and encode with bits
signal temperature
actuators and sensor
other outputs

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

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 How to Encode Text: ASCII,
• ASCII: 7- (or 8-) bit encoding Unicode
of each Symbol Encoding Symbol Encoding
letter, number, or symbol R 1010010 r 1110010
S 1010011 s 1110011
• Unicode: Increasingly popular 16- T 1010100 t 1110100
bit bit encoding L 1001100 l 1101100
• Encodes characters from various N 1001110 n 1101110
world languages E 1000101 e 1100101
0 0110000 9 0111001
. 0101110 ! 0100001
<tab> 0001001 <space> 0100000

Question:
What does this ASCII bit sequence represent?
1010010 1000101 1010011 1010100

REST

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 How to Encode Numbers: Binary
Numbers
• Each position represents a quantity;
symbol in position means how many of
that quantity
• Base ten (decimal)
• Ten symbols: 0, 1, 2, ..., 8, and 9 5 2 3
• More than 9 -- next position
• So each position power of 10 104 103 102 101 100
• Nothing special about base 10 -- used because
we have 10 fingers
• Base two (binary)
• Two symbols: 0 and 1
• More than 1 -- next position
• So each position power of 2
1 0 1 Q: How much?
24 23 22 21 20 + =
a

4+ 1= 5

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 How to Encode Numbers: Binary
Numbers
• Working with binary numbers
• In base ten, helps to know powers of 10
• one, ten, hundred, thousand, ten thousand, ...
29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
• In base two, helps to know powers of 2
• one, two, four, eight, sixteen, thirty two, sixty
four, one hundred twenty eight 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
• (Note: unlike base ten, we don’t have common
names, like “thousand,” for each position in base
ten -- so we use the base ten name)
• Q: count up by powers of two

512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 a

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 Converting from Decimal to Binary
Numbers: Subtraction Method (Easy
for Humans)
• Goal
• Get the binary weights to add up to the
Desired decimal number: 12
decimal quantity
• Work from left to right 32 16 8 4 2 1
• (Right to left – may fill in 1s that shouldn’t have
1 =32
been there – try it). too much
32 16 8 4 2 1

0 1 =16
32 16 8 4 2 1 too much
a

0 0 1 =8
32 16 8 4 2 1 ok, keep going

0 0 1 1 =8+4=12
32 16 8 4 2 1 DONE

0 0 1 1 0 0 answer
32 16 8 4 2 1

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 Converting from Decimal to Binary
Numbers: Subtraction Method (Easy
for Humans)
• Subtraction method
• To make the job easier (especially for big
Remaining quantity: 12
numbers), we can just subtract a selected
binary weight from the (remaining) quantity 32 16 8 4 2 1
• Then, we have a new remaining quantity, and
we start again (from the present binary position)
1 32 is
too much
32 16 8 4 2 1
• Stop when remaining quantity is 0
0 1 16 is
too much
32 16 8 4 2 1
a

0 0 1 12 – 8 = 4
32 16 8 4 2 1

0 0 1 1 4-4=0
32 16 8 4 2 1 DONE

0 0 1 1 0 0 answer
32 16 8 4 2 1

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 Converting from Decimal to Binary
Numbers:
Subtraction Method Example
• Q: Convert the number “23” from decimal to binary
A: Remaining quantity Binary Number
23 0 0 0 0 0 0
32 16 8 4 2 1

23 0 1 0 0 0 0
-16 32 16 8 4 2 1
a
7

7 0 1 0 1 0 0
-4 32 16 8 4 2 1
3 8 is more than 7, can’t use

4 0 1 0 1 1 0
-2 32 16 8 4 2 1
1

1 0 1 0 1 1 1
-1 32 16 8 4 2 1
0
Done! 23 in decimal is 10111 in binary.
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 Converting from Decimal to Binary
Numbers: Division Method (Good for
Computers)
• Divide decimal number by 2 and insert remainder into new binary number.
• Continue dividing quotient by 2 until the quotient is 0.
• Example: Convert decimal number 12 to binary

Decimal Number Binary Number

6
2 12 divide by 2 0
-12 1
0
insert remainder

Continue dividing since quotient (6) is greater than 0

3
2 6 divide by 2 0 0
-6 2 1
0
insert remainder
Continue dividing since quotient (3) is greater than 0
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 Converting from Decimal to Binary
Numbers: Division Method (Good for
Computers)
• Example: Convert decimal number 12 to binary (continued)

Decimal Number Binary Number

1 1 0 0
2 3 divide by 2 4 2 1
-2
1
insert remainder

Continue dividing since quotient (1) is greater than 0

0 1 1 0 0
2 1 divide by 2 8 4 2 1
-0
1
insert remainder

Since quotient is 0, we can conclude that 12 is 1100 in binary

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 Base Sixteen: Another Base
Sometimes Used by Digital
8
Designers
• Nice because each position represents four
A F

164 163 162 161 160 base two positions

8 A F • Used as compact means to write binary
numbers
1000 1010 1111
• Known as hexadecimal, or just hex
hex binary hex binary
0 0000 8 1000
1 0001 9 1001
2 0010 A 1010
3 0011 B 1011
4 0100 C 1100
5 0101 D 1101 Q: Write 11110000 in hex
6 0110 E 1110
7 0111 F 1111
F0 a

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 Implementing Digital Systems: 1.3
Programming Microprocessors Vs. Designing
Digital Circuits
Programmed Custom designed •
Desired motion-at-night detector Microprocessors a
microprocessor digital circuit common choice to
implement a digital
system
• Easy to program
• Cheap (as low as $1)
• Available now

M I0 P0 void main() 1
rr I1
op P1 { a
o
c I2 P2 while (1) {
0
1
I3 P3 P0 = I0 && !I1; b
I4 P4 0
// F = a and !b,
I5 P5 1
I6 P6 } F
0
I7 P7 }
6:00 7:057:06 9:009:01 time

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Digital Design: When Microprocessors
Aren’t Good Enough
• With microprocessors so easy, Q: How long for each
cheap, and available, why design a Image Sensor Micro-
implementation option?
digital circuit? processor

• Microprocessor may be too slow (a) (Read, 5+8+1

Compress,
• Or too big, power hungry, or costly Memory and Store) =14 sec

Image Read Compress

Sensor circuit circuit
.1+.5+.8
Sample digital camera task execution
(b) =1.4 sec
times (in seconds) on a microprocessor
Store a
versus a digital circuit: Memory
circuit

Task Microprocesso Custom

r Digital Circuit Image Read Compress
Sensor circuit circuit
Read 5 0.1 .1+.5+1
Compress 8 0.5 (c) =1.6 sec
Microprocessor
Store 1 0.8 Memor (Store)
y Good
compromise

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 Chapter Summary

• Digital systems surround us

• Inside computers
• Inside huge variety of other electronic devices (embedded systems)
• Digital systems use 0s and 1s
• Encoding analog signals to digital can provide many benefits
• e.g., audio -- higher-quality storage/transmission, compression, etc.
• Encoding integers as 0s and 1s: Binary numbers
• Microprocessors (themselves digital) can implement many digital
systems easily and inexpensively
• But often not good enough -- need custom digital circuits

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