ENS150.

2
ENGINEERING
GRAPHICS
ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTIONS
TOPIC OUTLINE:
1. Introduction
2. Types of Projection
3. Planes of Reference
4. First Quadrant
Projections
5. Third Quadrant
Projections
6. Hidden Lines
 INTRODUCTION
• An engineer must be able to visualize in his
mind how an object looks like without actually
having the object. He must also be able to
describe the object so that others could build
it from the information provided on his drawing.
The description of an object with lines requires a
thorough knowledge of the principles of
orthographic projections.
• In engineering, 3-dimensonal objects and
structures are represented graphically on a
2-dimensional media. The act of obtaining the
image of an object is termed “projection”. The
image obtained by projection is known as a
“view”.
 INTRODUCTION

• All projection theory are based on

two variables:
1. Line of Sight
2. Plane of Projection
 INTRODUCTION
• Plane of Projection
– (i.e, an image or picture plane) is an
imaginary flat plane upon which the
image created by the line of sight is
projected.
– In effect, 3-D object is transformed
into a 2-D representation, also called
projections.
 TYPES OF PROJECTION

1. Pictorial Projection
– The Projections in which the description of
the object is completely understood in one
view is known as pictorial projection. They
have the advantage of conveying an
immediate impression of the general
shape and details of the object, but not
its true dimensions or sizes.

3 TYPES OF PICTORIAL PROJECTION:

I. Perspective Projection
II. Isometric Projection
III. Oblique Projection
TYPES OF PROJECTION
Perspective Projection
– A form of projection
in which a three-
dimensional surface
or object is
represented as seen
from a particular
viewpoint with
parallel lines in the
object represented
as converging in
the image.
TYPES OF PROJECTION
3 Types of Perspective Projection:

Two-point Perspective
Single-point Perspective

Three-point Perspective
 TYPES OF PROJECTION
Isometric Projection
– Isometric projection is a
method for visually
representing three-
dimensional objects in two
dimensions in technical
and engineering drawings.
It is an axonometric
projection in which the
three coordinate axes
appear equally
foreshortened and the
angle between any two
of them is 120 degrees.
 TYPES OF PROJECTION
Oblique Projection
– An oblique projection is a
parallel projection in
which the lines of
sight are not
perpendicular to the
projection plane. This
is such type of projection
in the drawing of which
such projectors are
drawn, which are at
some angle other than
90° with the plane.
 TYPES OF PROJECTION

1. Orthographic Projection
– Orthograpic Projections are a collection of 2-D
drawings that work together to give an
accurate overall presentations of an
object.
– Ortho- means ‘straight or right angles’ and -
graphic means ‘written or drawn’. Projection
comes from two Latin words, ‘pro’ meaning
‘forward’ and ‘jacere’ meaning ‘to through’.
Thus, orthographic projection means
‘through forward, drawn at right angles’.
– Orthographic projection is the method of
representing the exact form of an object in
two or more views on planes generally at
right angles to each other, by dropping
perpendiculars from the object to the planes.
 TYPES OF PROJECTION
– In parallel projection, all lines of sight are
parallel and is schematically represented in
figure figure below. The observer is
assumed to be stationed at infinite distance
from the object.
 ORTHOGRAPIC
PROJECTION
RECTANGULAR
PRISM
 ORTHOGRAPIC
PROJECTION
CYLINDER
 ORTHOGRAPIC
PROJECTION
COMBINATION
OF SOLIDS
 PLANE OF REFERENCE
– Two principal planes are used in
orthographic projection, one horizontal and
the other vertical, intersecting and dividing
space into four quadrants numbered as in
the figure below.
HP - Horizontal
Plane
VP - Vertical Plane
Numbers 1,2,3 and
4 denotes the
Quadrant Projections
respectively.
The line of
intersection of the
planes of projection
is called as the
reference line xy
 FIRST QUADRANT
PROJECTIONS
The projection on the HP is obtained
by projectors drawn perpendicular to
the HP from the corners of the object
as shown figure on the left. This will give
the horizontal projection or the plan or the
top view of the object. This view will also
show the depth (D) and width (W) of the
object. The projection on the VP is
obtained by drawing projectors
perpendicular to the VP from the
corners of the object as shown in figure
on the left. This will give the vertical
projection or the elevation or the front
view of the object with its height (H) and
width (W).
 THIRD QUADRANT
PROJECTIONS
The projection on the VP is named as

the front view, the projection on the

HP is named as the top view and the
projection

on the auxiliary vertical plane

(AVP) is named as the end view of
the object. The

HP and AVP are opened out until they

coincide with the VP.
 ORTHOGRAPIC
PROJECTION
PICTORIAL
PROJECTION

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
 ORTHOGRAPIC
PROJECTION
PICTORIAL
PROJECTION

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
 ORTHOGRAPIC
PROJECTION
PICTORIAL
PROJECTION

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
 ORTHOGRAPIC
PROJECTION
If we combine both First Quadrant and Third Quadrant
projections, we can make six (6) possible views.
ORTHOGRAPIC
PROJECTION
 HIDDEN LINES
Hidden lines in a drawing
represent the edges where
surfaces meet but are not
directly visible. Hidden lines are
omitted from pictorial drawings
unless they are needed to make the
drawing clear
 HIDDEN LINES

PICTORIAL
PROJECTION

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
 HIDDEN LINES

Figures below are the Pictorial drawings were Hidden lines

were not omitted to make the drawing clear.
REFERENCES
• https://technologystudent.com/prddes1/drawtec2.html
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projections.html
• https://art-design-glossary.musabi.ac.jp/perspective-
projection/
• https://civiljungle.com/isometric-projection/
• https://civilseek.com/oblique-drawing-projection/
• http://caddforyou.blogspot.com/2015/06/theories-of-
projections.html
• https://www.peachpit.com/articles/article.aspx?
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