DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Course Name: Database Management System

DBMS Languages
• Data Definition Language (DDL):
• Used by the DBA and database designers to specify the conceptual schema of
a database.
• In many DBMSs, the DDL is also used to define internal and external schemas
(views).
• In some DBMSs, separate storage definition language (SDL) and view
definition language (VDL) are used to define internal and external schemas.
• SDL is typically realized via DBMS commands provided to the DBA and database
designers

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
DBMS Languages
• Data Manipulation Language (DML):
• Used to specify database retrievals and updates
• DML commands (data sublanguage) can be embedded in a general-purpose
programming language (host language), such as COBOL, C, C++, or Java.
• A library of functions can also be provided to access the DBMS from a programming
language
• Alternatively, stand-alone DML commands can be applied directly (called a
query language).

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
Types of DML
• High Level or Non-procedural Language:
• For example, the SQL relational language
• Are “set”-oriented and specify what data to retrieve rather than how to
retrieve it.
• Also called declarative languages.
• Low Level or Procedural Language:
• Retrieve data one record-at-a-time;
• Constructs such as looping are needed to retrieve multiple records, along
with positioning pointers.

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
DBMS Interfaces
• Stand-alone query language interfaces
• Example: Entering SQL queries at the DBMS interactive SQL interface (e.g.
SQL*Plus in ORACLE)
• Programmer interfaces for embedding DML in programming
languages
• User-friendly interfaces
• Menu-based, forms-based, graphics-based, etc.

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
DBMS Programming Language Interfaces

• Programmer interfaces for embedding DML in a programming

languages:
• Embedded Approach: e.g embedded SQL (for C, C++, etc.), SQLJ (for Java)
• Procedure Call Approach: e.g. JDBC for Java, ODBC for other programming
languages
• Database Programming Language Approach: e.g. ORACLE has PL/SQL, a
programming language based on SQL; language incorporates SQL and its data
types as integral components

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
User-Friendly DBMS Interfaces
• Menu-based, popular for browsing on the web
• Forms-based, designed for naïve users
• Graphics-based
• (Point and Click, Drag and Drop, etc.)
• Natural language: requests in written English
• Combinations of the above:
• For example, both menus and forms used extensively in Web database interfaces

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
Other DBMS Interfaces
• Speech as Input and Output
• Web Browser as an interface
• Parametric interfaces, e.g., bank tellers using function keys.
• Interfaces for the DBA:
• Creating user accounts, granting authorizations
• Setting system parameters
• Changing schemas or access paths

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
Database System Utilities
• To perform certain functions such as:
• Loading data stored in files into a database. Includes data conversion tools.
• Backing up the database periodically on tape.
• Reorganizing database file structures.
• Report generation utilities.
• Performance monitoring utilities.
• Other functions, such as sorting, user monitoring, data compression, etc.

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
Other Tools
• Data dictionary / repository:
• Used to store schema descriptions and other information such as design
decisions, application program descriptions, user information, usage
standards, etc.
• Active data dictionary is accessed by DBMS software and users/DBA.
• Passive data dictionary is accessed by users/DBA only.

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
Other Tools
• Application Development Environments and CASE (computer-aided
software engineering) tools:
• Examples:
• PowerBuilder (Sybase)
• JBuilder (Borland)
• JDeveloper 10G (Oracle)

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
Typical DBMS Component Modules

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
Centralized and
Client-Server DBMS Architectures
• Centralized DBMS:
• Combines everything into single system including- DBMS software, hardware,
application programs, and user interface processing software.
• User can still connect through a remote terminal – however, all processing is
done at centralized site.

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
A Physical Centralized Architecture

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
Basic 2-tier Client-Server Architectures

• Specialized Servers with Specialized functions

• Print server
• File server
• DBMS server
• Web server
• Email server
• Clients can access the specialized servers as needed

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
Logical two-tier client server architecture

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
Clients
• Provide appropriate interfaces through a client software module to
access and utilize the various server resources.
• Clients may be diskless machines or PCs or Workstations with disks
with only the client software installed.
• Connected to the servers via some form of a network.
• (LAN: local area network, wireless network, etc.)

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
DBMS Server
• Provides database query and transaction services to the clients
• Relational DBMS servers are often called SQL servers, query servers, or
transaction servers
• Applications running on clients utilize an Application Program Interface (API) to
access server databases via standard interface such as:
• ODBC: Open Database Connectivity standard
• JDBC: for Java programming access
• Client and server must install appropriate client module and server module
software for ODBC or JDBC
• See Chapter 9

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
Two Tier Client-Server Architecture
• A client program may connect to several DBMSs, sometimes called
the data sources.
• In general, data sources can be files or other non-DBMS software that
manages data.
• Other variations of clients are possible: e.g., in some object DBMSs,
more functionality is transferred to clients including data dictionary
functions, optimization and recovery across multiple servers, etc.

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System

References:
 Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F. Korth and S. Sudarshan- “Database System
Concepts”, Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2002.
 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, “Fundamental Database Systems”,
Third Edition, Pearson Education, 2003.
 Raghu Ramakrishnan, “Database Management System”, Tata McGraw- Hill
Publishing Company, 2003.
 www.slideshare.net
 Coursera - https://www.coursera.org/learn/database-management
 NPTEL- https://nptel.ac.in/courses/106/105/106105175/
 https://www.coursera.org/learn/research-methods
 https://www.coursera.org/browse/physical-science-and-engineering/research-
methods
30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar