Week 1: Digital and Analog

systems
1.Introduction to Digital and Analog quantities
2.Binary digits, logic levels, and digital waveform
3.Introduction to basic logic operations
4.Digital integrated circuits
5.Advantages of digital systems over analog systems
1. Introduction to Digital and Analog
quantities
Analog quantities:
 Continuously variable electrical or physical
quantity.
 They take on any value within a continuous
range.
 Most things that can be measured
quantitatively occur in nature in analog
form.
 Examples: sound, voltage, time, pressure,
temperature
1. Introduction to Digital and Analog
quantities
1. Introduction to Digital and Analog
quantities

Digital quantities:
 Have digits that represent numbers,
letters, or symbols.
 Digital quantities are strictly with two
levels, ON and OFF states, which we
can represent by 0s and 1s.
 They have specific, distinct values.
1. Introduction to Digital and Analog
quantities
1. Introduction to Digital and Analog
quantities

Why do we use digital representations in a

naturally analog world?
 It is much easier for electronic machine to
handle quantities in digital format
 Quantization: mapping a continuous range
of values to a discrete set of values.
1. Introduction to Digital and Analog
quantities

7
 1. Introduction to Digital and Analog
quantities
 Analog signal is defined by the amplitude,
frequency, and phase while digital signal
are defined by the bit interval and bit-
rate.
 In terms of signal nature, the analog
signals correspond to the continuous-
time signal, while the digital signals
correspond to discrete-time signals.
 In terms of waveform, analog signals are
represented by sine waves while digital
signals are represented by square waves
and pulses.
2. Binary digits, logic levels, and digital
waveform
Binary Digits
A digital signal is made up of a series of 1s
and 0s that represent numbers, letters,
symbols, or control signals.
1 is represented by the higher voltage, a
HIGH (ON), and a 0 is represented by the
lower voltage level, LOW (OFF)
The two-state number system is called
binary. A binary digit is called a bit.
2. Binary digits, logic levels, and digital
waveform
2. Binary digits, logic levels, and digital
waveform
Logic levels
A logic level is a band of voltage
levels, from a minimum to a maximum
level, representing either a logic 0 or a
logic 1 in digital circuits.
 In digital electronics, logic levels are
typically defined by voltage ranges:
Low Logic Level (Logic 0): A voltage
range close to 0 volts.
High Logic Level (Logic 1): A voltage
range significantly higher than 0 volts.
2. Binary digits, logic levels, and digital
waveform
2. Binary digits, logic levels, and digital
waveform
Digital Waveform
Digital waveforms are electrical signals
that represent digital data and consist of
discrete voltage levels that change back
and forth between the HIGH and LOW
levels or states.
Pulse Waveform: a high voltage level
followed by a low voltage level.
Square Wave: alternates between high
and low voltage levels at regular intervals.
2. Binary digits, logic levels, and digital
waveform
 2. Binary digits, logic levels, and digital
waveform
Pulse Waveform
 A pulse has two edges: a leading edge that
occurs first at time t0 and a trailing edge
that occurs last at time t1.
 For a positive-going pulse, the leading
edge is a rising edge, and the trailing
edge is a falling edge.
 The time required for a pulse to go from
its LOW level to its HIGH level is called
the rise time (tr).
 2. Binary digits, logic levels, and digital
waveform
Pulse Waveform
 The time required for the transition from
the HIGH level to the LOW level is called
the fall time (tf).
 The pulse width (tW) is a measure of the
duration of the pulse and is often defined
as the time interval between the 50%
points on the rising and falling edges.
2. Binary digits, logic levels, and digital
waveform
 2. Binary digits, logic levels, and digital
waveform
Square Waveform
 In each cycle, the wave first switches from
zero to some peak voltage value (Vpk) for
a fixed period, then switches low again for
a second fixed period, and so on.
 The duration for which a signal is in its
high state is Ton, and the duration for
which the signal is in its low state is Toff
e.g if Ton is at 5v, Toff is at -5V
2. Binary digits, logic levels, and digital
waveform
Key Characteristics of Digital Waveforms
 Amplitude: The magnitude of the voltage
levels.
 Period: The time taken for one complete
cycle of the waveform.
 Frequency: The number of cycles per
second, measured in Hertz (Hz). T
 Duty Cycle: The ratio of the high voltage
level to the total period.
2. Binary digits, logic levels, and digital
waveform
Timing Diagrams
 A timing diagram is a graph of digital
waveforms showing the actual time relationship
of two or more waveforms and how each
waveform changes in relation to the others.
 From a timing diagram, you can determine the
states (HIGH or LOW) of all the waveforms at
any specified point in time and the exact time
that a waveform changes state relative.
 Common timing diagrams consist of a clock
signal, a data signal representing digital data,
and control signals controlling the operation of
digital circuits.
2. Binary digits, logic levels, and digital
waveform
3. Introduction to basic logic operations
 Several kinds of digital logic circuits are
the basic elements forming the building
blocks for complex digital systems such
as the computer.
 Logic is applied to digital circuits used to
implement logic functions.
 Three basic logic functions (NOT, AND,
and OR) The lines connected to each
symbol are the inputs and outputs.
 The true/false conditions mentioned
earlier are represented by a HIGH (true)
and a LOW (false).
3. Introduction to basic logic operations
3. Introduction to basic logic operations
NOT Gate
 The NOT function changes one logic level
to the opposite logic level,
 When the input is HIGH (1), the output is
LOW (0).
 When the input is LOW, the output is
HIGH.
 The NOT function is implemented by a
logic circuit known as an inverter.
3. Introduction to basic logic operations
3. Introduction to basic logic operations
AND Gate
 The AND function produces a HIGH
output only when all the inputs are
HIGH.
 When any or all inputs are LOW, the
output is LOW.
 The AND function is implemented by a
logic circuit known as an AND gate.
3. Introduction to basic logic operations
3. Introduction to basic logic operations
OR Gate
 The OR function produces a HIGH output
when one or more inputs are HIGH.
 When one input is HIGH or the other
input is
HIGH or both inputs are HIGH, the
output is HIGH.
 When both inputs are LOW, the output is
LOW.
 The OR function is implemented by a
logic circuit known as an OR gate.
3. Introduction to basic logic operations
4. Digital Integrated Circuits
 Digital integrated circuits (ICs) are
electronic circuits that operate on
discrete signals, typically represented by
binary values (0 and 1).
 They are the building blocks of modern
digital systems, used for processing and
storing digital information in electronic
devices.
 Digital IC components are logic gates,
such as combinational and sequential
circuits, flip-flops, and multiplexers.
4. Digital Integrated Circuits
 A monolithic integrated circuit (IC) is an
electronic circuit that is constructed
entirely on a single small chip of silicon.
 All the components that make up the
circuit—transistors, diodes, resistors, and
capacitors—are an integral part of that
single chip.
 Fixed-function logic and programmable
logic are two broad categories of digital
ICs.
4. Digital Integrated Circuits
 These digital ICs,
typically microprocessors, DSPs,
and microcontrollers, use Boolean algebra to
process 1 and 0.
 Digital ICs are categorized as:
 Logic IC
e.g. microprocessors and microcontrollers
 Memory chips e.g. MOS memory and floating-
gate memory.
 Interface ICs e.g. level
shifters, serializer/deserializer,
 Power management ICs
 Programmable devices.
4. Digital Integrated Circuits

Fixed Function Logic Devices

 All the logic elements and functions that have
been discussed are generally available in IC
form.
 In fixed-function logic devices, the logic
functions are set by the manufacturer and
cannot be altered.
 The internal circuits of a microcontroller are
fixed, and a program (series of instructions)
directs the microcontroller operation to
achieve a specific outcome.
4. Digital Integrated Circuits

Fixed Function Logic Devices

 Classifications according to complexity
include SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI, and ULSI.
 SSI refers to fixed-function ICs with up to
ten equivalent gate circuits, MSI includes
10-100 equivalent gates, LSI includes
100-10,000 equivalent gates, and VLSI
includes 10,000-100,000 gates.
 Complexities of more than 100,000
equivalent gates per chip are classified as
ULSI.
4. Digital Integrated Circuits
Programmable Logic Devices
 These are programmed to perform specified
logic functions and operations by the
manufacturer or by the user.
 Devices use much less board space for an
equivalent amount of logic compared to fixed
function logic.
 Designs can be readily changed without
rewiring or replacing components.
 Logic design can be implemented faster and
with less cost with programmable logic than
with fixed-function logic.
4. Digital Integrated Circuits
Programmable Logic Devices
 Two major categories of user-programmable
logic are
PLD (programmable logic device) and FPGA
(field-programmable gate array)
 An SPLD, CPLD, or FPGA can be thought of as a
“blank slate” on which you implement a specified
circuit or system design using a certain process.
 This process requires a software development
package installed on a computer to implement a
circuit design in the programmable chip.
 The computer must be interfaced with a
development board or programming fixture
containing the device
4. Digital Integrated Circuits
PLD over Fixed logic device
 One advantage of programmable logic
over fixed-function logic is that the
devices use much less board space for an
equivalent amount of logic.
 With programmable logic, designs can be
readily changed without rewiring or
replacing components.
 A logic design can generally, be
implemented faster and with less cost
with programmable logic than with fixed-
function logic.
4. Digital Integrated Circuits
Programmable Logic Devices
4. Digital Integrated Circuits
Programmable Logic Devices
5. Advantages of digital systems over
analog systems
Digital signals can be easily stored,
and processed.
Compact storage and less bandwidth.
Noise immunity.
Greater accuracy and precision
Practice Exercises
1. A periodic digital waveform has a pulse
width of 25 ms and a period of 150 ms.
Determine the frequency and the duty
cycle.
2. A basic 3-input logic circuit has a LOW
on one input and a HIGH on the other
two inputs, and the output is LOW.
What type of logic circuit is it?
Represent the circuit graphically.
References

 Digital Fundamentals by Thomas L.

Floyd, 11th Edition
 Digital Electronics: A Practical Approach
with VHDL by William Kleitz