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Chapter I. An introduction to Discourse Analysis

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Chapter I. An introduction to Discourse Analysis

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e7054400279
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You are on page 1/ 17

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION TO DISCOURSE
ANALYSIS

What is Discourse Analysis


Discourse versus Text
Spoken & Written Text
REFERENCES
Giáo trình bắt buộc
1. Le, Truong Bach, and T. T .N. (2013). An Introduction to
Discourse Analysis. Hue: DHH

Tài liệu tham khảo


1. Nguyễn Hòa (2000). An introduction to Discourse Analysis. Hanoi
National University, College Foreign Languages. Nhà xuất bản Đại
học quốc gia Hà Nội.
2. Brown, G. and G. Yule. (1983). Discourse analysis. Cambridge:
CUP
3. Searle, J.R. & F. Kiefer, & M.Bierwisch. (1980). Speech Act
Theory and Pragmatics. Dordecht: Reidel
DISCOURSE

* Discourse refers to units of language in use


produced as the result of an act of
communication: utterances, paragraph,
conversations, interviews, texts.
* Discourse analysis: A study of how & for
what purpose language is used in a certain
context of situation.

* It concerned with the analysis of language


'beyond the sentence'.
> Discourse analysis looks at whole texts
rather than sentences, phrases or clauses.
* A discourse can be interpreted.
Implications of discourse analysis
Explaining problems: + Grammatical Structure (definite
article, reference, substitution, ellipsis); + Pragmatics
(implicature)
Ex. - There are too many loose ends, too many left-overs.
Too much. Hanging over his head. (“Too much” is wrong,
it is not as a sentence)
- I saw Smith having dinner with a woman yesterday.
> Depending on the role relationships between the 2
participants > Possible to interpret the utterance:
a piece of good news & a warning to a woman whose
husband has been going out with his girlfriend)
Types of Discourse analysis
* Spoken Discourse Analysis: The study of spoken
texts: conversations, dialogues, spoken monologues

* Written Discourse Analysis: The study of written


texts: essays, news, written speeches

* The major issues of discourse: coherence,


cohesion, adjacency pairs, theme, rheme
The difference between Text & Discourse
* TEXT: - “The verbal record of a communicative act”/
“The linguistic product of communicative process”

- A “Communicative occurrence which process


7 constitutive conditions of textual communication”:
cohesion, coherence, intentionality, acceptability,
informativity, situationality & intertexuality

* DISCOURSE: Is language in use (by Brown and Yule -


1983)
The difference between Text & Discourse (by
Widdowson – 1984):

* Text has cohesion; Discourse has coherence

* Discourse - A communicative process by means of


interaction; Its situational outcome is a change in a
state of affairs: information is conveyed, intentions
made clear, its linguistic product is Text
* A text: A represetation or verbal record of the whole
communicative process (discourse); Both written or spoken
without limit on the size;

* Text analysis - The analysis of formal features of text


(cohesion, text structure)

* Discourse analysis deals with context of situation, the


meanings, intentions that the writers/speakers assigns to
linguistic means or expression.
* It concerns with the functional analysis of language in use
FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE

- Designed
for the purpose of
communication

- Storehouse & Transmission: storing


culture, history, embodying human’s
ideas…& transmitting (transferring) these
archives from one to next generation.
* Many means of communication: gestures,
trait, eye contact, picture, signals, squeak,
flares, ring tone, transport lights…language
is the most important
(Why? - The oldest means, anywhere,
anytime, in any fields, any careers, at any
ages, among any generations.
* It helps people exchange perception,
thought, emotion with delicate nuances which
other means can not do).
Differences between Spoken & Written language
Criteria: MANNER OF PRODUCTION, REPRESETATION OF DISCOURSE,
FORMS
1. The manner of production
Spoken language
* The speaker can vary his voice quality, adopting posture,
gesture to express a great deal.
* The speaker has to control & process the production of
communication under circumstances (Monitor what he has
just said & determines the appropriation of responses; Monitor
the reaction of the hearer & make immediate response)
Written language
* The writer can look over what he has
already written; have his time in choosing
word or phrase to suit his need.

* The writer is under no pressure in term of


monitoring & processing communication.

* The writer can not observe the reaction


from the reader or a person he want to
communicate with.
2. The representation of discourse
Text - The representation of discourse is text both written
&spoken. Text as a verbal record/ representation of a
communicative act
A written text is represented in many ways using different
type-face/font family, on different size of paper, in one or 2
columns, serving various purposes of the writer; available are
titles, headings, subdivision used to indicate to the reader how
the author intends to organize his ideas.

A Spoken text: verbal record of a communicative act; voice,


intonation, gestures, paralinguistic means
3. FORMS
* Spoken (Oral) language properties
Face to face conversation with reciprocity
between speaker & listener; Narrative-like; Action-
oriented; Event-oriented; Story-oriented;
Interpersonal; Here & now; Informal; Natural
communication; Spontaneous; Sharing of context;
Ellipsis; Structurelless; Simple linear structure;
Cohesion through paralinguistic cues; Repitition;
Limited subordination; Unconsciuos.
* Written language properties
Face to text with limited reciprocity between author
& reader; Expository- like; Idea-oriented; Argument-
oriented; Explanatory; Future & Past; Not space-or
time –Bound; Artificial communication; Objective &
Distanced; Planned; No common context;
Explicitness in text consciousness; Highly structured;
Cohesion through lexical cues; Succinctness;
Complex hierarchical structures; Multiple levels of
subordinations; Conscious & Restructured.
Revision of Chapter I

1. What is Discourse & Discourse analysis?


The implications of Discourse analysis.
2. Types of Discourse analysis.
3. Text & discourse; Their differences.
4. The functions of language: Transactional
& Interactional function; Their types.
5. Spoken & Written languages; Their
properties

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