INSTITUTE UIE

DEPARTMENT ACADEMIC UNIT-1

Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Science & Engineering)
Subject Name Semi Conductor Physics
Subject Code 23SPH-143
Prepared By
Navjeet Kaur
Lecture-2.1.1
Introduction of BJT Transistor and its Types & Applications

DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

 Course
Objectives
S.
Objectives
No.

To understand the basic materials and properties of

1
semiconductors.

Understand the basic of semiconductor and components like

2 diode, transistor, FET, MOSFET and Energy Sources.

https://www.iqsdirectory.com/resources/every
To give knowledge about semiconductor physics and discus thing-you-ever-wanted-to-know-about-semicon
working and applications of basic devices, including p-n ductors/
3
junctions, BJTs and FETs.

2
 Course
Outcomes
S.NO Description Blooms’ Taxonomy
Level

To apply the knowledge of basic

CO1 semiconductor material physics and EASY
understand fabrication processes.
To understand the characteristics of different
CO2 electronic devices such as diodes, transistors. MEDIUM

To derive the relationships between the

CO3 parameters in diode, FET, configurations of MEDIUM
Transistor and MOSFETs.
To describe the working and design
considerations for the various photonic devices
CO4 like photo detectors, solar-cells and LEDs. HARD
https://lot.dhl.com/5-things-the-current-semicondu
ctor-slowdown-tells-us-about-the-global-economy/
To provide problem solving experience and
CO5 learning of concepts through it in HARD
semiconductor physics.
3
 What is Electronics
• Electronics is the science of how to control electric energy, energy
which the electrons have a fundamental role.
• Its also deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical
components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated
circuits, and associated passive electrical components and
interconnection technologies.
• You will work with a number of basic electronic components when
building electronic circuits, including resistors, capacitors, diodes,
transistors, and integrated circuits. Here is a brief overview of the
functions of each of these basic electronic components.

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 Content

 n-p-n transistor
 p-n-p transistor
 Fact about Transistor Terminals
 Applications of Transistor
 Transistor as an amplifier & Switch

5
 Introduction to Transistor

A transistor consists of two pn junctions formed by *sandwiching either

p-type or n-type semiconductor between a pair of opposite types.
Accordingly ; there are two types of transistors, namely;
1. n-p-n transistor
2. p-n-p transistor

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 Introduction to Transistor

An n-p-n transistor is composed of

two n-type semiconductors
separated by a thin section of p-type
as shown in Fig. 1.1 (i).
However, a p-n-p transistor is
formed by two p-sections separated
by a thin section of n-type as shown
Figure 1: Formation of n-p-n transistor and p-n-p
in Fig. 1.1 (ii). transistor
(Source: Principles of Electronics, V K Mehta , Rohit
Mehta, 12/e , S. Chand Publishing)
7
 Introduction to Transistor

An n-p-n transistor is composed of

two n-type semiconductors
separated by a thin section of p-type
as shown in Fig. 1.1 (i).
However, a p-n-p transistor is
formed by two p-sections separated
by a thin section of n-type as shown
Figure 1: Formation of n-p-n transistor and p-n-p
in Fig. 1.1 (ii). transistor
(Source: Principles of Electronics, V K Mehta , Rohit
Mehta, 12/e , S. Chand Publishing)
8
 Introduction to Transistor
• In each type of transistor, the following points may be noted:
• These are two pn junctions. Therefore, a transistor may be regarded
as a combination of two diodes connected back-to-back.
• There are three terminals, one taken from each type of
semiconductor.
• The middle section is a very thin layer. This is the most important
factor in the function of a transistor.

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 Origin of the name “Transistor
• A transistor has two pn junctions. One junction is forward biased and the other is
reverse biased.
• The forward biased junction has a low resistance path whereas a reverse biased
junction has a high resistance path.
• The weak signal is introduced in the low resistance circuit and output is taken
from the high resistance circuit.
• Therefore, a transistor transfers a signal from a low resistance to high resistance.
The prefix ‘trans’ means the signal transfer property of the device while ‘istor’
classifies it as a solid element in the same general family with resistors.

10
Naming the Transistor Terminals
• A transistor (pnp or npn) has three
sections of doped semiconductors.
The section on one side is the
emitter and the section on the
opposite side is the collector.
• The middle section is called the
base and forms two junctions
between the emitter and collector. Figure 2: Sectioning of the transistor

(Source: Principles of Electronics, V K Mehta , Rohit

Mehta, 12/e , S. Chand Publishing)

11
 Emitter
The section on one side that supplies charge carriers (electrons or
holes) is called the emitter. The emitter is always forward biased w.r.t.
base so that it can supply a large number of majority carrier (Holes if
emitter is p-type and electrons if the emitter is n-type.).
In Fig. 2 (i), the emitter (p-type) of pnp transistor is forward biased
and supplies hole charges to its junction with the base. Similarly, in
Fig. 2 (ii), the emitter (n-type) of npn transistor has a forward bias and
supplies free electrons to its junction with the base

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 Collector
The section on the other side that collects the charges is called the
collector. The collector is always reverse biased. Its function is to
remove charges from its junction with the base. In Fig. 1.2 (i), the
collector (p-type) of pnp transistor has a reverse bias and receives
hole charges that flow in the output circuit. Similarly, in Fig. 1.2 (ii),
the collector (n-type) of npn transistor has reverse bias and receives
electrons.

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 Base
The middle section which forms two pn-junctions between the
emitter and collector is called the base. The base-emitter junction is
forward biased, allowing low resistance for the emitter circuit. The
base-collector junction is reverse biased and provides high resistance
in the collector circuit.

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 Introduction to Transistor

An n-p-n transistor is composed of

two n-type semiconductors
separated by a thin section of p-type
as shown in Fig. 1.1 (i).
However, a p-n-p transistor is
formed by two p-sections separated
by a thin section of n-type as shown
Figure 1: Formation of n-p-n transistor and p-n-p
in Fig. 1.1 (ii). transistor
(Source: Principles of Electronics, V K Mehta , Rohit
Mehta, 12/e , S. Chand Publishing)
15
 Working of npn transistor

The npn transistor with forward bias

to emitter base junction and reverse
bias to collector-base junction is
shown in Fig. 1.
The forward bias causes the
electrons in the n-type emitter to
flow towards the base. This
Figure 1: Basic connection of npn transistor
constitutes the emitter current IE.
(Source: Principles of Electronics, V K Mehta , Rohit
Mehta, 12/e , S. Chand Publishing)
16
 Working of npn transistor
As these electrons flow through the p-type base, they tend to combine
with holes. As the base is lightly doped and very thin, therefore, only a
few electrons (less than 5%) combine with holes to constitute base
current IB.
The remainder (more than 95%) cross over into the collector region to
constitute collector current IC. In this way, almost the entire emitter
current flows in the collector circuit. It is clear that emitter current is
the sum of collector and base currents i.e.

Ie=Ib+Ic
17
 Working of pnp transistor
As the base is lightly doped and very thin, therefore, only a
few holes (less than 5%) combine with the electrons. The
remainder (more than 95%) cross into the collector region to
constitute collector current IC.
In this way, almost the entire emitter current flows in the
collector circuit. It may be noted that current conduction
within pnp transistor is by holes. However, in the external
connecting wires, the current is still by electrons.

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 Transistor Symbols
The symbols used for npn and
pnp transistors are shown in Figure
3.
Note that emitter is shown by an
arrow which indicates the
direction of conventional current
flow with forward bias.
Figure 3: Symbol of transistor and their current flow

(Source: Principles of Electronics, V K Mehta ,

Rohit Mehta, 12/e , S. Chand Publishing)
19
 Transistor Symbols
For npn connection, it is clear that conventional current
flows out of the emitter as indicated by the outgoing arrow.
Similarly, for pnp connection, the conventional current flows
into the emitter as indicated by inward arrow.

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 Applications of Transistor
• Transistor as Switch
• Transistor as Amplifier

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 Summary
Introduction to Transistor.
• n-p-n transistor
• p-n-p transistor
Transistor Terminal
Doping of the Transistor
Types of Transistor
Applications of Transistor

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 Frequently Asked Questions

1. Explain the meaning of transistor.

2. Explain npn transistor.
3. Explain pnp transistor.
4. How is the doping level change in transistor.

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 To make students understand
 Introduction to Transistor.
LEARNING • n-p-n transistor
OUTCOMES • p-n-p transistor
Transistor Terminal
Doping of the Transistor

24
 References
Text Books:
1. Microelectronics Circuits, Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth Carless Smith, Oxford University Press.
2. Millman’s Integrated Electronics, Jacob Millman, Christos Halkias, Chetan Parikh, McGraw Hill Education.
3. Digital Logic & Computer Design, M. Morris Mano, Pearson

Reference Books:
4. Principles of Electronics, V K Mehta , Rohit Mehta, 12/e , S. Chand Publishing
5. Solid State Electronic Devices,6th Edition, Ben Streetman, Sanjay Banerjee
6. Electronic Principle, Albert Paul Malvino.
7. Electronics Circuits:Discrete & Integrated, D Schilling C BeloveTApelewiczRSaccardi.
8. Microelectronics, Jacob Millman, Arvin Grabel.
9. Electronics Devices &Circuits,S. Salivahanan, N. Suresh Kumar,A. Vallavaraj
10. Electronic Devices & Circuit Theory, 11th Edition, Robert L. Boylestad,LouisNashelsky
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Assessment Pattern

Semi Conductor Physics

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