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Testing of Hypothesis

By,
Akshatha
Asstistant Prosessor
Dept of ISE, GAT
 What is a Hypothesis?
 Basic Concepts Concerning Testing of Hypothesis
 Testing the Hypothesis
 Test Statistic and Critical Region
 Critical Value and Decision Rule
 Procedure for Hypothesis Testing
 Hypothesis Testing for Mean
 Hypothesis Testing for Proportion
 Hypothesis Testing for Variance
 Hypothesis Testing for Difference of Two Mean
 Hypothesis Testing for Difference of Two Proportion
What is a Hypothesis?
• A hypothesis may be defined as a proposition or a set of
proposition set forth as an explanation for the occurrence of
some specified group of phenomena either asserted merely as
a provisional conjecture to guide some investigation or
accepted as highly probable in the light of established facts.
• For example, consider statements like the following ones:
“Students who receive counselling will show a greater
increase in creativity than students not receiving counselling”
Or
“the automobile A is performing as well as automobile B.”
These are hypotheses capable of being objectively verified and
tested
Characteristics of hypothesis
i. Hypothesis should be clear and precise. If the hypothesis is not clear
and precise, the inferences drawn on its basis cannot be taken as
reliable.
ii. Hypothesis should be capable of being tested. In a swamp of
untestable hypotheses, many a time the research programmes have
bogged down. Some prior study may be done by researcher in order
to make hypothesis a testable one. A hypothesis “is testable if other
deductions can be made from it which, in turn, can be confirmed or
disproved by observation.”
iii. Hypothesis should state relationship between variables, if it
happens to be a relational hypothesis.
iv. Hypothesis should be limited in scope and must be specific. A
researcher must remember that narrower hypotheses are generally
more testable and he should develop such hypotheses.
v. Hypothesis should be stated as far as possible in most simple terms
so that the same is easily understandable by all concerned. But one
must remember that simplicity of hypothesis has nothing to do with
its significance.
vi. Hypothesis should be consistent with most known facts i.e., it must
be consistent with a substantial body of established facts. In other
words, it should be one which judges accept as being the most likely.
vii. Hypothesis should be amenable to testing within a reasonable time.
One should not use even an excellent hypothesis, if the same cannot
be tested in reasonable time for one cannot spend a life-time
collecting data to test it.
viii. Hypothesis must explain the facts that gave rise to the need for
explanation. This means that by using the hypothesis plus other
known and accepted generalizations, one should be able to deduce
the original problem condition. Thus hypothesis must actually
explain what it claims to explain; it should have empirical reference
Basic Concepts Concerning Testing
of Hypothesis

1. Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis.


2. Type I and Type II Errors
3. Level of Significance
4. Two Tailed and One Tailed Tests
Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis.

• In the context of statistical analysis, we often talk about null


hypothesis and alternative hypothesis.
• If we are to compare method A with method B about its
superiority and if we proceed on the assumption that both
methods are equally good, then this assumption is termed as
the null hypothesis.
• As against this, we may think that the method A is superior or
the method B is inferior, we are then stating what is termed as
alternative hypothesis.
• The null hypothesis is generally symbolized as H0 and the
alternative hypothesis as H1 .
• Suppose we want to test the hypothesis that the population
mean (µ) is equal to the hypothesised mean (µ0)= 100.
• Then we would say that the null hypothesis is that the
population mean is equal to the hypothesised mean 100 and
symbolically we can express as:
H0 : µ = µ0 = 100
• If our sample results do not support this null hypothesis, we
should conclude that something else is true.
• What we conclude rejecting the null hypothesis is known as
alternative hypothesis.
• In other words, the set of alternatives to the null hypothesis is
referred to as the alternative hypothesis. If we accept H0 , then
we are rejecting Ha and if we reject H0 , then we are accepting
Ha .
• For H0 : µ= µ0 =100 , we may consider three possible
alternative hypotheses as follows* :
• The null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis are chosen
before the sample is drawn (the researcher must avoid the
error of deriving hypotheses from the data that he collects
and then testing the hypotheses from the same data).
• Alternative and null hypothesis are the statements about
unknown population parameters. In null hypothesis, we
should always have ‘equal to’ sign.
• Null hypothesis is the specific statement about the parameter
e.g., H0= µ= 50.
• Alternative hypothesis is usually the one which one wishes to
prove and the null hypothesis is the one which one wishes to
disprove.
• Thus, a null hypothesis represents the hypothesis we are trying
to reject, and alternative hypothesis represents all other
possibilities.

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