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Limits Intro

5 pdf about calculs

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Farhat Ullah
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11 views

Limits Intro

5 pdf about calculs

Uploaded by

Farhat Ullah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 43

Introduction to Limits

Instructor: Dr. Hazrat Bilal


What is a limit?
Let’s discuss the
derivation of the
area of a circle
(and circumference)
A Geometric Example
• Look at a polygon inscribed in a circle

As the number of sides of the polygon


increases, the polygon is getting closer to
becoming a circle.
If we refer to the polygon as an n-gon,
where n is the number of sides we can make some
mathematical statements:

• As n gets larger, the n-gon gets closer to being a


circle

• As n approaches infinity, the n-gon approaches


the circle

• The limit of the n-gon, as n goes to infinity is the


circle
The symbolic statement is:

lim(n  gon) circle


n 

The n-gon never really gets to be the circle, but


it gets close - really, really close, and for all
practical purposes, it may as well be the circle.
That is what limits are all about!
FYI
Archimedes used this method WAY before
calculus to find the area of a circle.
An Informal Description
If f(x) becomes arbitrarily close to a single number
L as x approaches c from either side, the limit
for f(x) as x approaches c, is L. This limit is
written as

lim f ( x) L
x c
Numerical
Examples
Numerical Example 1

Let’s look at a sequence whose nth term is


given by: n
n 1

What will the sequence look like?

½ , 2/3, ¾, 4/5, ….99/100,...99999/100000…


What is happening to the terms of
the sequence?
½ , 2/3, ¾, 4/5, ….99/100,….99999/100000…

Will they ever get to 1?

n
lim 1
n  n  1
Numerical Example 2
Let’s look at the sequence whose
nth term is given by 1
n

1, ½, 1/3, ¼, …..1/10000,....1/10000000000000…
As n is getting bigger, what are these
terms approaching?
1
lim 0
n  n
Graphical
Examples
Graphical Example 1

1
f ( x) 
x

As x gets really, really big, what is


happening to the height, f(x)?
Graphical Example 2
3
f ( x) x

As x gets really, really close to 2, what is


happening to the height, f(x)?

3
lim x 8
x 2
Graphical Example 3
6

-7

-4

Find lim f ( x)
x  7 lim f ( x)  4
x  7

not 6!
Graphical Example 4

Use your graphing calculator to graph the following:


ln x  ln 2
f ( x) 
x 2
Graphical Example 4

ln x  ln 2
f ( x) 
x 2
Find lim
x 2
f ( x)
TRACE: what is it approaching?
TABLE:
Set table to start at 1.997 with
increments of .001 (TBLSET)
As x gets closer and closer to 2, what
is the value of f(x) getting closer to?
Does the value of
f(x)f ( x)  ln x  ln 2
x 2

exist when x = 2?
Limits that
Fail to Exist
Nonexistence Example 1: Behavior that
Differs from the Right and Left

What happens as x
approaches zero?

The limit as x approaches zero does not exist.

1
lim does not exist
x 0 x
Nonexistence Example 2:
Unbounded Behavior
Discuss the existence of
the limit

1
lim 2
x 0 x

1
lim does not exist
x 0 x
Nonexistence Example 3:
Oscillating Behavior
Discuss the existence of the
limit

1
lim sin
x 0 x
Put this into your calc
set table to start at -.003
with increments of .001
X 2/π 2/3π 2/5π 2/7π 2/9π 2/11π X 0

Sin(1/ 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 Limit does


x) not exist
Common Types of Behavior
Associated with Nonexistence of a
Limit
The Limit Process
The curve in Figure 2.1.4 represents the graph of a function f. The number c is
on the x-axis and the limit L is on the y-axis. As x approaches c along the
x-axis, f (x) approaches L along the y-axis.
The Limit Process
As we have tried to emphasize, in taking the limit of a function f as x tends to c,
it does not matter whether f is defined at c and, if so, how it is defined there. The
only thing that matters is the values taken on by f at numbers x near c. Take a look
at the three cases depicted in Figure 2.1.5. In the first case, f (c) = L. In the second
case, f is not defined at c. In the third case, f is defined at c, but f (c) ≠ L.
However, in each case

lim f  x  L
x c
because, as suggested in the figures,
as x approaches c, f (x) approaches L.

Salas, Hille, Etgen Calculus: One and Several Variables


Copyright 2007 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Definition of Limit
Definition of Limit
In Figure 2.2.3, we give two choices of ε and for each we display a suitable δ. For
a δ to be suitable, all points within δ of c (with the possible exception of c itself)
must be taken by the function f to within ε of L. In part (b) of the figure, we began
with a smaller ε and had to use a smaller δ.

The δ of Figure 2.2.4 is too large for


the given ε. In particular, the points
marked x1 and x2 in the figure are not
taken by f to within ε of L.
Definition of Limit

One-sided limits give us a simple way of determining whether


or not a (two-sided) limit exists:
The Limit Process
Example 2
x 9
Set f x  
x 3
and let c = 3. Note that the function f is not defined at 3: at 3, both numerator and
denominator are 0. But that doesn’t matter. For x ≠ 3, and therefore for all x near 3,

x 2  9  x  3 x  3
 x  3
x 3 x 3
x2  9
Therefore, if x is close to 3, then x  3
x 3
is close to 3 + 3 = 6. We conclude that
x2  9
lim lim  x  3 6
x 3 x  3 x 3
Example 1 – Dividing Out
Technique
Find the limit:
Solution:
From the discussion above, you know that direct substitution fails.
So, begin by factoring the numerator and dividing out any common factors.
Cont....... cont’d

Divide out common factor

and simplify.

Direct substitution
Solution : We cannot substitute because it makes the denominator zero.
•Limits Involving
(sin) 

A central fact about (sin𝛉) ⁄ 𝛉 is that in radian measure its limit as 𝛉→ 0 is 1. We can
see this in Figure,

EXAMPLE 7: Show that,

a. b.
• Finite Limits as x 

•Continuous Functions
EXAMPLE 9:
Find the points at which the function ƒ in Figure is continuous and the points at
which ƒ is discontinuous.

Solution:
The function ƒ is continuous at every point in its
domain [0, 4] except at x = 1, x = 2, and x = 4.

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