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5 views

Cal Lec Week12 Canvas

Uploaded by

魏靖雯
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BMS1901 Calculus for Life Sciences

Week 12

Vectors
Vectors

2
Vectors
• Vector: indicate a quantity (e.g. displacement, velocity
or force) that has both magnitude and direction

o an arrow or a directed line segment

o length of the arrow: magnitude of the vector

o arrow points in the direction of the vector

o v or

3
Vectors
• a particle moves along a line segment from point A to
point B

• displacement vector v: initial point A (the tail) and


terminal point B (the tip)

Equivalent vectors
4
Vectors

•same length
•same direction as v (different position)

•u and v are equal  u = v


•zero vector: 0
o length 0
o only vector with no specific direction

5
Components

6
Components
• Coordinate system: treat vectors algebraically
• place the initial point of a vector a at the origin of a
rectangular coordinate system
o terminal point of a has coordinates of the form (a1,
a2) or (a1, a2, a3)

7
Components
• Coordinates: components of a

a = [a1, a2] or a = [a1, a2, a3]

• Notation: [a1, a2] for the ordered pair that refers to a


vector
o Not to confuse it with the ordered pair
(a1, a2) that refers to a point in the plane

8
Components
• vectors are all equivalent to the vector whose
(terminal point is P(3, 2))

Representations of the vector a = [3, 2]

9
Components
• in common: terminal point is reached from the initial
point by a displacement of three units to the right and
two upward

• representations of the algebraic vector a = [3, 2]

• : position vector of the point P


o from the origin to the point P(3, 2)

10
Components
• a= = [a1, a2, a3] : position vector of the point P(a1,
a2, a3)

Representations of a = [a1, a2, a3]

11
Components
• of a :
initial point is A(x1, y1, z1)
terminal point is B(x2, y2, z2)
o x2 = x1 + a1, y2 = y1 + a2, z2 = z1 + a3
o a1 = x2 – x1, a2 = y2 – y1, a3 = z2 – z1

12
Components
• magnitude or length of a vector a : length of any of its
representations ( )

• distance formula : compute its length

13
Components

•unit vector : vector whose length is 1


•a  0  the unit vector that has the same direction as a:

14
Example 5
If a = [4, 0, 3] and b = [–2, 1, 5], find | a | and the
vectors a + b, a – b, 3b, and 2a + 5b.

Solution:

15
Example 5 – Solution

16
Components
• length of a vector from Vn is calculated by using the
distance formula:

17
8.3 The Dot Product

18
The Dot Product

•dot product of a and b: multiply corresponding


components and add

•result is not a vector


o real number / a scalar
o dot product = scalar product

19
The Dot Product
• Dot product of two-dimensional vectors:

• n-dimensional vectors:

20
Example 1

21
Example 1

22
The Dot Product

23
The Dot Product
• dot product of two nonzero vectors is zero
o cos  = 0
o  =  /2 and the two vectors are perpendicular
(orthogonal)

24
The Dot Product
• 0   <  /2  cos  > 0
  /2 <     cos  < 0
  <  /2  a  b is positive
o negative for  >  /2

• a  b : measures the extent to which a and b point in the


same direction

• a and b point in the same general direction : dot product


a  b is positive
o 0 if they are perpendicular
o negative if they point in generally opposite
directions
25
The Dot Product
• Extreme case:
o a and b point in exactly the same direction ( = 0)
o cos  = 1

o a and b point in exactly opposite directions ( =  )


o cos  = –1

26
The Dot Product
• A plane :
o a point P0(x0, y0, z0) in the plane
o a vector n = [a, b, c] that is orthogonal to the plane
o normal vector : orthogonal vector n

27
Example 5
Find an equation of the plane through the point (2, 4, –1)
with normal vector n = [2, 3, 4].

Solution:
•a = 2, b = 3, c = 4, x0 = 2, y0 = 4, and z0 = –1  Equation
5
• equation of the plane:

or

28

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