9-Science-Chapter-4-

Measurement of Matter
Topics to be learn :
• Laws of chemical combination
• Atom — Shape, mass, valency
• Molecular mass and the concept of mole
• Radicals
Dalton’s atomic theory:
• Dalton proposed that matter is made up of very small
particles. These small particles are called atoms.
• An atom is a hard and solid ball.
• Being the smallest unit of matter, it is indivisible.
• Formation of compounds: The compounds are
formed by a chemical reaction of different elements.
• Q. What are the molecular formulae of
salt, slaked lime, water, lime, lime stone?
• Answer:- Salt — NaCl, Slaked lime —
Ca(OH)2, water - H20, lime - Ca(OH)2, lime
stone - CaCO3
 law of conservation of matter :-
There is no rise or drop in the weight of the matter
during a chemical reaction. In a chemical reaction the
total weight of the reactants is the same as the total
weight of the products formed due to the chemical
reactions and this is called the law of conservation of
matter.
• Law of constant proportion :The proportion by weight
of the constituent elements in the various samples of
a compound is fixed.
• Irrespective of the source, water always contains the
same elements. i.e. hydrogen and oxygen combine
together in the fixed ratio of 1 : 8 by weight to form
water.
• Similarly, 44 g carbon dioxide always contains 12 g
carbon and 32 g oxygen together in a fixed ratio of
12 : 32 i.e. 3 : 8 by weight.
Atom : Atoms are very very tiny. The fundamental particles in
atom are the protons, neutrons and electrons. The proton is
positively charged particle. The electron is negatively charged
particle. The neutron is electrically neutral.
• The size of an atom is determined by its radius. The atomic
radius of an isolated atom is the distance between the
nucleus of an atom and its outermost orbit. It is expressed in
nano-metres.
• In 1897, Sir J .J . Thomson studied the cathode rays in detail
and determined the ratio of charge to the mass of the
cathode rays particles. From this experiments it was
discovered that the atoms have an internal structure.
Two parts of an atom : -

Two parts of an atom : The entire mass of the atom is concentrated

centrally situated, a positively charged small core called the nucleus.
The negatively charged electrons move around the nucleus in different
orbits. The nucleus consists of positively charged protons and
electrically neutral neutrons. The protons is made of three quarks,
similarly the neutron is made of three quarks.
• [collapse]Due to atoms are very very tiny, modern instruments like
the electron microscope, field ion microscope, scanning tunnelling
microscope have the capacity to show enlarged images of the atom
Atomic size: The atomic size depends on the number of electron orbits
in the atom. The greater the number of orbits the larger the size.
• Example : An atom of K is bigger than an atom of Na.
• If two atoms have the same outermost orbit, then the atom having
the larger number of electrons in the outermost orbit is smaller than
the one having fewer electrons in the same outermost orbit.
• Example- An atom of Mg is smaller than an atom of Na.
• Atomic mass number : The sum of the number of protons and
neutrons in the nucleus of the atom is called the atomic mass number
(p + n).
• Unified Mass has been accepted as the unit of atomic mass. It is
called Dalton. Its symbol is u.
• 1 u = 1.66053904 x 10-27 kg.
 Elements and their Atomic Mass :

Some Elements and their Atomic Mass :

• Hydrogen -1
• Carbon-12
• Nitrogen-14
• Magnesium-24
• Sulphur-32
• Chlorine-35.5
Symbols of elements : The abbreviation of the name of an element is
either the first letter or the first and second/ another specific letter in
its name. It is called the symbol of an element.
• Examples :- The symbols of some elements are only the first letters
of their full names :
• Examples : Hydrogen-H, Carbon-C, Nitrogen—N
• The symbols of some elements are the first two letters of their full
names.
• Examples : Calcium - Ca, Aluminium - Al, Helium - He
• The symbols of some elements comprise of the first letter capital
and the third letter small of their full names.
• Examples : Cadmium - Cd, Magnesium - Mg, Chlorine – Cl
Steps to deduce the chemical formulae of the following
compounds :
• Steps to deduce the chemical formulae of the following
compounds :-
• Example : (1) Sodium sulphate (Na2SO4)
• The formula is obtained as follows :
• Step -1: Write the symbols and valencies of sodium and
sulphate
• Symbols and valencies of sodium and sulphate
• Symbol Na SO4
• Valency 1 2

• Step-2 -Cross multiply the valencies

• The chemical formula of Sodium sulphate is Na2SO4
Molecule: Molecule is made of two or more atoms of the same element or
different elements.
• Some elements are in a monoatomic molecular state and some are in a
polyatomic molecular state.
• Molecular mass : The sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a
single molecule of that substance is called the molecular mass.
• It is expressed in the unit Dalton (u).
• Example : Molecular Mass of Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2)
• Molecular mass = Sum of constituent atomic masses -
• Molecular mass of MgCl2 = (Atomic mass of Mg) x 1 + (Atomic mass of Cl)
x2
• = (24) x 1 + (35.5) x 2 = 24 + 71 = 95
• Molecular mass of MgCl2 = 95 u.
Important points :
• The number of molecules in a given quantity of a
substance is determined by its molecular mass.
• The number of molecules in equal masses of
different substances is different.
• One mole quantities of different substances have
different masses measured in grams.
(1) It is not possible to weigh one molecule
using a weighing balance.

(2) The number of molecules cannot be the

same in equal weights of different substances.

• (3) If we want equal number of molecules of

different substances, it will not work if we
take the equal weights of those substances
Mole : A mole is that quantity of a substance whose
mass in grams is equal in magnitude to the molecular
mass of that substance in Daltons.
• The molecular mass of oxygen is 32u = 32g of oxygen
is 1 mole of oxygen
• The atomic mass of carbon is 12 u = 12g carbon is 1
mole of carbon.

• Number of moles of a substance =mass of substance

in grams/Molecular mass of substance
• Avogadro's number (Avogadro constant): The
number of molecules in one mole of any
substance is constant. A mole of any substance
stands for 6.022 x 1023 molecules. Therefore
this number is called Avogadro’s number. It is
• denoted by NA.
• Example: A mole of water, i.e. 18 g of water
contains 6.022 x 1023 molecules of water.
• Valency : The capacity of an element to combine is
called its valency. The valency of an element is indicated
by a specific number. The number of electrons that an
atom of an element gives away or takes up whileforming
an ionic bond, is called the valency of that element.
• Example : In sodium chloride (NaCl), the valency of
sodium is one and the valency of chlorine is one. The
type of chemical bond in NaCl is an ionic bond.
• The electronic configuration of sodium is 2, 8, 1. Sodium
donates one electron to chlorine and becomes sodium
cation, therefore, sodium has valency one.
• Chlorine atom (electronic configuration of Cl: 2, 8, 7)
accepts one electron from sodium and becomes
chloride anion. Therefore, chlorine has valency one.

• The number of electrons that an atom of an element

gives or takes to make the outermost orbit stable
determines the valency of that element.
Q. The valency of carbon is 4. Give Reason
• Answer:- The electronic configuration of carbon is 2, 4
If the carbon atom gives away 4 electrons to some
other atom, its first orbit becomes the outermost
orbit and becomes stable with 2 electrons. If it takes 4
electrons fromsome other atom, its second orbit
which is the outermost orbit becomes stable with 8
electrons. Hence, the valency of carbon is 4.
• Q. Neon is a chemically inert element. Give Reason
The electronic configuration of neon is 2,
• Answer:-
8. Thus its outermost orbit, viz., the second orbit
is stable. Neon is stable. It need not take or give
or share any electrons. Hence, its valency is zero
and it is chemically inert.
Cations & anions :Positively charged ions are
called cations, while negatively charged ions are
called anions.
• Example, MgCl2 contains Mg++ and Cl- as cation
and anion respectively.
• Valence electrons : The electrons present in the
outermost orbit of an atom are called valence
electrons
• Elements & their Valencies:
• Some Elements & their Valencies Elements
• (1) Hydrogen - 0
• (2) Sodium -
• (3) Carbon -
• (4) Nitrogen -
• (5) Oxygen -
• (6) Neon -
• (7) Aluminium -
• (8) Chlorine -
• (9) Calcium -
• (10) Magnesium -
Variable valency : Under different conditions the
atoms of some elements give away or take up
different numbers of electrons. In such cases
those elements exhibit more than one valency.
This property of elementsis called variable
valency. Iron (Fe) exhibits the variable valencies 2
and 3. Therefore, iron forms two compounds with
chlorine FeC12 and FeCl3
Bivalent elements: The capacity of an element to combine is called its
valency. The combining capacity of an element depends on number of
electrons present in the outermost orbit.
• The element has 2 electrons in its outermost orbit. It loses two
electrons from its outermost shell to some other element and a
cation is formed. Hence, the valency is two. After the give and take of
electrons is over, the electronic configuration of both the resulting
ions has a complete octet. e.g. Ca, Mg.
• In case of some elements, they have short of 2 electrons in the
outermost orbit. These electrons accept two electrons and an anion is
formed. Hence, the valency is two. After the give and take of
electrons isover, the electronic configuration of both the resulting
ions have complete octet. e.g. Oxygen.
Q. Explain how the element sodium is
monovalent.
• The electronic configuration of sodium is 2, 8, 1.
There is only one electron in the outermost orbit
of Na. If sodium atom gives one electron to an
atom of some other elements, a sodium ion is
formed, Hence the valency of sodium is one i.e.
monovalent. After the give and take of electrons
is over, the electronic configuration of both the
resulting ions have complete octet.
Radicals: A cation (positively charged ion) and anion
(negatively charged ion) are two constituents of
compounds that take part independently in chemical
reactions, and are therefore, called radicals
• Example: Na+ Sodium ion and Cl- chloride ion.
• The cationic radicals are called basic radicals e.g. K+,
Mg2+, Al3+.
• The anion radicals are called acidic radicals e.g. Cl—,
(i) Simple radicals : A radical formed from a single atom
(mono atomic) is called a simple radical. It is positively
or negatively charged simple radical.
• Positively charged simple radicals : K+, Ca2+, Al3+.
• Negatively charged simple radicals : Cl- , O2-, N3-.

• (ii) Composite radicals :A radical formed from a group

of atoms is called a composite radical. It is positively
charged or negatively charged composite radical.