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22 views

1. Introduction

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sehrishaminofficial.1
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BIOCHEM 700: Concepts of

Biochemistry
Introduction: Scope and importance
of biochemistry
INTRODUCTION
• The word ‘BIOCHEMISTRY’- means
Chemical Basis of Life.
• Biochemistry is a branch of life science:
– Which deals with the Study of
Biomolecules, Biochemical Reactions
and Processes
– Occurring in living cells of organisms.
• It emerged as a distinct discipline around the
beginning of the 20th century when scientists
were studying cell formation at four distinct
levels
1. Organization of Monomeric units
2. Polymerization of monomeric units to give
macromolecules
3. Synthesis of supra molecular complexes by
the conjugation of macromolecules
4. The cells and its organelles
Source : Nelson DL and Cox MM. Lehninger
Principles of Biochemistry.
CLASS ACTIVITY: What is prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell?

• Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that do


not developed or differentiate into
multicellular forms.
• Besides lack of nuclear membrane, a
prokaryote cell also lacks intracellular
organelles.
• Eukaryotic cells have intracellular components
called sub cellular organelles some of it
surrounded by a protective membrane.
CLASS ACTIVITY: What are the major differences in prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells?
Source : Nelson DL and Cox MM. Lehninger
Principles of Biochemistry.
Chemistry of Living Cell
• Just like cells are building blocks of tissues
likewise molecules are building blocks of cells.
• Most bio-molecules considered to be derived
from hydrocarbons.
• The chemical properties of organic bio-
molecules are determined by their functional
groups.
Some Common Functional Groups of Biomolecules
Chemical Composition of Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic cells
• Animal and plant cells contain approximately
10, 000 kinds of molecules (bio-molecules).
• Water constitutes 70% of cells content by
weight.
• Ions like Na+, K+ and Ca+ may account for
another 1%.
• Almost all other kinds of bio-molecules are
organic and make 29% of cells contents.
Chemical Composition of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

Components Percentage of total weight of cell


Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cells

Water 70 70
Small molecules
Inorganic ions 1 1
Small Metabolites 2 3
Macromolecules
Proteins 15 18
Nucleic Acid 7 1.4
DNA 1 1.1
RNA 6 .25
Lipids 2 5
Polysaccharides 3 1.6

Source : Nelson DL and Cox MM. Lehninger


Principles of Biochemistry.
Principles of Biochemistry
• Cells are highly organized and constant source of energy is
required to maintain the ordered state.
• Living processes contain thousands of chemical pathways.
Precise regulation and integration of these pathways are
required to maintain life.
• Certain important pathways e.g. Glycolysis is found in
almost all organisms as common pathway.
• All organisms use the same type of molecules:
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids & nucleic acids.
• Instructions for growth, reproduction and developments for
each organism are encoded in their DNA.
SCOP OF BIOCHEMISTRY
 To know
Chemistry/Structure
Occurrence/Location
Functions/Role
 Of the various Biomolecules
present in living cells:
 Determination of mode of
action of Biomolecules by
Structural elucidation of
Biomolecules.
 Understand completely all the
organized Biochemical processes
 Occurring in living cells at the
molecular/sub cellular level.
 Identification of disease
mechanisms.
 To study chemistry, properties , functions,
metabolism related to biomolecules and
macromolecules,
① Carbohydrates
② Lipids
③ Proteins
④ Nucleic acid
⑤ Enzymes and vitamins
⑥ Water
Course outlines
• Introduction: Scope and importance of biochemistry; Brief introduction of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells.
• Carbohydrates: Introduction; Metabolism of carbohydrates; Glycolysis, citric acid cycle
and its amphibolic role; Gluconeogenesis; Photosynthesis; Light and dark reactions;
Photorespiration and C4 plants; Energetics of photosynthesis and respiration.
• Proteins: Classification, biochemical functions, amino acids; Structure, classification and
acid base behaviour of amino acids, peptide linkage and polypeptides; Primary, secondary,
tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins; Hydrolysis of protein and reactions of
amino acids; Nitrogen excretion and urea cycle.
• Lipids: Occurrence, functions and classification; Triacylglycerol, waxes, phospholipids,
sphingolipids and sterols; Structures, characteristics and classification of fatty acids, and
triglycerides; Metabolism of fats; -oxidation of fatty acids and its energy yield.
• Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA, their structural and functional differences; Central dogma of
molecular biology; Replication, transcription and translation; Introduction to genetic
engineering.
• Enzymes: Nature and functions, characteristics, mode of action, factors affecting enzyme
activity, specificity and inhibition, isozymes, ribozymes, coenzymes and prosthetic groups;
Regulatory enzymes; Classification and nomenclature of enzymes.
• Vitamins: General properties and role in metabolism.
• Water: Dissociation of water and pH value, buffers, transport mechanisms across bio
membranes and osmosis; Law of mass action.
Assessment
Marks Sessional Mid Final Total

Criteria Assignments Paper Paper


Theory /Quiz
6 (10%) 18 36 60
(30%) (60%) (100%)
Result Total: 60 Marks
Exercise work

What are major differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells


at genomic level?

What are major differences in chemical composition of


prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

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