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1.Introduction Overview of Artificial Intelligence

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1.Introduction Overview of Artificial Intelligence

Uploaded by

Rachna Murmu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 1

Topic: Introduction & Overview of Artificial Intelligence


Unit 1 Topic 1
Intelligence has been defined in many ways: the capacity for
abstraction, logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning,
emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical
thinking, and problem-solving.

Intelligence is composed of −

● Reasoning
● Learning
● Problem Solving
● Perception
● Linguistic Intelligence
What is Artificial Intelligence?
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) is used to develop systems that can
understand, think, and learn just like human beings.

• Artificial intelligence (AI), sometimes called machine intelligence, is


intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural
intelligence displayed by humans and other animals, such as
"learning“ and "problem solving.

• In computer science AI research is defined as the study of "intelligent


agents": any device that perceives its environment and takes actions
that maximize its chance of successfully achieving its goals.
So what is the difference between natural and artificial
intelligence?
Machines vs Humans
Machine Advantages over Humans
 Alertness
 Speed and Power
 Detecting and Sensing outside human frequency range
 Repetitive and routine work
 Complex computation
 Simultaneous activities

Human Advantages over Machines


 Sensory functions
 Perception capabilities
 Rational behavior
 Judgement
 Selective recall
 Inductive reasoning
 Ability to Improvise
 Generalization capabilities
 Abstraction capabilities
So let’s understand what is Artificial
Intelligence?
IBM describes AI as:
Artificial intelligence leverages computers and
machines to mimic the problem-solving and
decision-making capabilities of the human mind.

According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John


McCarthy, it is “The science and engineering of
making intelligent machines, especially intelligent
computer programs”.
Key Areas of AI
 Problem solving, planning, and search --- generic problem solving
architecture based on ideas from cognitive science (game playing,
robotics).
 Knowledge Representation – to store and manipulate information
(logical and probabilistic representations)
 Automated reasoning / Inference – to use the stored information to
answer questions and draw new conclusions
 Machine Learning – intelligence from data; to adapt to new
circumstances and to detect and extrapolate patterns
 Natural Language Processing – to communicate with the machine
 Computer Vision --- processing visual information
 Robotics --- Autonomy, manipulation, full integration of AI capabilities
What is AI Technique?
Any intelligence requires knowledge.
And due to its vast indispensability knowledge possess some less desirable qualities:
● Its volume is enormous.
● It's hard to categorize accurately.
● It is not well-organized or well-formatted.
● It changes and evolves constantly.

For these reasons we must use techniques and methods which represents the knowledge in a particular way that.
AI technique is a method that exploits knowledge that
should be represented in such a way that:
● Knowledge captures generalisation. Situations that share common properties are
grouped together. Without the property, inordinate amount of memory and
modifications will be required.
● It can be easily modified to correct errors and to reflect changes in the world.
● It can be used in many situations even though it may not be totally accurate or
complete.
● It can be used to reduce its own volume by narrowing range of possibilities.
There are three important AI techniques:
1. Search — Provides a way of solving problems for which no
direct approach is available. It also provides a framework into
which any direct techniques that are available can be
embedded.
2. Use of knowledge — Provides a way of solving complex
problems by exploiting the structure of the objects that are
involved.
3. Abstraction — Provides a way of separating important features
and variations from many unimportant ones that would
otherwise overwhelm any process
Knowledge Representation:
Knowledge representation is the process of representing information in a structured
form that is easily understood by both humans and machines. It is a fundamental
task in artificial intelligence (AI) and computer science that involves organizing
knowledge into a form that can be used for reasoning, problem-solving, and
decision-making.

The goal of knowledge representation is to make explicit the relationships between


concepts, ideas, and objects in a way that can be used to make inferences and
draw conclusions. To achieve this, various knowledge representation techniques
can be used, such as logical representation, semantic network representation,
frame representation, and production rules.
Kinds of Knowledge that Need to be Represented in AI:

● Objects
● Events
● Performance
● Facts
● Meta-Knowledge
● Knowledge-Base
Techniques of Knowledge Representation in AI:

● Logical Representation
-> Propositional Logic (logical connectives such as the
words “and” and “or” , “not”, “if … then…”, “because”,
and “necessarily” and the rules determining the truth-
values of the propositions they are used to join, as well
as what these rules mean for the validity of arguments )
-> First-order logic

● Semantic Network Representation


● Frame Representation
● Production Rules
Applications of AI
AI Timeline
Turing Test
Turing test
A test to determine whether a computer has achieved intelligence

Alan Turing-An English mathematician who wrote a landmark paper in 1950


that asked the question: Can machines think?
He proposed a test to answer the question "How will we know when we
have succeeded?“
According to him, we can say that a machine passes the test when it
successfully generates responses appropriate enough to convince the
evaluator that it is human.
Turing Test

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