ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC

AND PROFESSIONAL
PURPOSES
QUARTER 2 LESSON 4: DETERMINES THE OBJECTIVES
AND STRUCTURES OF VARIOUS KINDS OF REPORTS

BARRUN, JENNIFER A.
SHS/TEACHER -II
LESSON

4 DETERMINES THE
OBJECTIVES AND
STRUCTURES OF
VARIOUS KINDS OF
REPORTS
OBJECTIVE

At the end of this lesson, you

should be able to:

Determines the objectives and

structures of various kinds of
reports.
VOCABULARY LIST

\
SCHOLAR
A specialist in a particular
branch of study, especially the
humanities; a distinguished
academic.
 ESSAY
A short piece of writing on
a particular subject.
 HARD SCIENCES
Any of the natural or physical
sciences, as chemistry, biology,
physics, or astronomy, in which
aspects of the universe are
investigated by means of hypotheses
and experiments.
WHAT IS
REPORT?
REPORT
Major form of Technical/business
professional communication. In writing a
report, a person who possesses certain
facts, ideas or suggestions useful for
courses of actions transmit this to
information another person who wants to
use it.
REPORT
Any informational work made with
an intention to relay information or
recounting certain events in a
presentable manner. These are often
conveyed in writing, speech, television,
or film.
REPORT
Communicate information
which has been compiled as a
result of research and analysis
of data and of issues.
REPORT
It can be a description of the
conditions that did exist, that do
exist, or that are likely to exist. In
short, it’s a piece of factual writing
based on evidence, containing
organized information on a particular
topic and/or analysis of the topic.
REPORT
Good reports are documents that are
accurate, objective and complete. They
should also be well-written, clearly
structured and expressed in a way that
holds the reader's attention and meets
their expectations.
TAKE NOTE!!

The scope and style of reports varies

widely. It depends on three key factors:
the report's intended audience, the
report's purpose and the type of
information/subject to be communicated.
2 KINDS OF
REPORT
INFORMAL REPORT

The informal report

functions is to inform
analyze and
recommend.
INFORMAL REPORT

It usually takes the form of

a memo letter, or a very
short international
document like a monthly
financial report.
Types of informal report

• Financial report
• Progress report
• Personnel evaluation
• Sales activity report
FORMAL REPORT
A collection and
interpretation of data and
information, it is complex
and used at an official
level. Often a written
Types of Formal report

• Informational reports
• Analytical report
• Recommendation
TYPES OF
REPORT
Technical and
Business
A form of writing technical
communication or documentation in
science and technology or applied
science that helps people understand a
product or service.
Technical and
Business
The main purpose of technical writing is to
inform and to trigger the person into action
such as purchasing a product or service. Its
purpose may also be instruct persuade, but
never to entertain. The content is factual and
straightforward. It is expressed in formal,
standard or academic language
Technical and
Business
The tone of technical writing output is
objective, and its audience is specific uses
language to evoke either an emotional or
intellectual response from the audience or
reader.
Example:
End user documentation like user manuals
that accompany cellular phones, personal
computers.
Differences of Technical and Business.
 LET’S LEARN

Field Reports
are common in disciplines such as Law,
Industrial Relations, Psychology, Nursing,
History and Education.
These types of reports require the student
to analyze his or her observations of
phenomena or events in the real world in
light of theories studied in the course.
 LET’S LEARN

Field Reports
Field reports are assigned with the
intention of improving your
understanding of key theoretical
concepts by applying methods of
careful and structured observation of,
and reflection about, people, places, or
phenomena existing in their natural
settings.
 LET’S LEARN

Field Reports
Field reports facilitate the development of data
collection techniques and observation skills.
and they help you to understand how theory
applies to real world situations.

Field reports are also an opportunity to obtain

evidence through methods of observing
professional practice that contribute to or
challenge existing theories.
When writing a field report you need to:
● Systematically observe and accurately record the varying
aspects of a situation.

• Continuously analyze your observations. Always look for the

meaning underlying the actions you observe.

Ask yourself:
What’s going on here? What does this observe activity
mean? What else does this relate to? Note that this is an on-
going process of reflection and analysis taking place for the
duration of your field research.
 LET’S LEARN

When writing a field report you need to:

● Keep the report’s aims in mind while you are

observing. adapt to changing circumstances
as they may arise.

• Consciously observe, record, and analyze

what you hear and see in the context of a
theoretical framework.
Techniques to record your
observations
Note taking
This is the most common and easiest method
of recording your observations. Tips for taking
notes includes organizing some shorthand
symbols beforehand so that recording basic or
repeated actions does not impede your ability
to observe.
 LET’S LEARN

Techniques to record your

observations
Photography

With the advent of smart phones, an

almost unlimited number of high quality
photographs can be taken of the objects,
events, and people observed during a field
study.
 LET’S LEARN

Techniques to record your

observations
Video & Audio Recordings

Video or audio recording your

observations has the positive effect of
giving you an unfiltered record of the
observation event.
 LET’S LEARN

Techniques to record your

observations
Illustrations

This does not refer to an artistic

endeavor but, rather, refers to the
possible need, for example, to draw a
map of the observation setting or
illustrating objects in relation to people's
behavior.
Examples of Field report
Ethnographic Field Report:
Observing and recording the
behaviors, traditions, and
interactions of a specific group of
people in their natural environment,
such as a study of a particular
community or culture.
Examples of Field report
Business Field Report: Observing
customer behavior in a retail store or
analyzing employee interactions in a
workplace to study business
operations, customer service, or
workplace efficiency.
Examples of Field report
Educational Field Report:
Observing student behavior and
teaching methods in a classroom
setting to analyze learning
processes, instructional techniques,
or student engagement.
Examples of Field report
Sociological Field Report:
Studying social behaviors in public
spaces, such as interactions in a
park, school, or hospital, to
understand social dynamics, roles, or
patterns of communication.
 LET’S LEARN

Scientific Reports

are another kind of report. They are

common in all the Sciences and Social
Sciences. These reports use a standard
scientific report format describing methods,
results and conclusions to report upon an
empirical investigation.
 LET’S LEARN

Scientific Reports
The purpose of a science report is to clearly
communicate your key message about why
your scientific findings are meaningful.

In order to do this, you need to explain why

you are testing a hypothesis, what
methodology you used, what you found, and
why your findings are meaningful.
Examples of Scientific report

Research Report
Allows us to critically analyze
information, validate findings, and
contribute to the overall body of
knowledge.
 DIFFERENT
PARTS OF THE
RESEARCH
REPORT
Different parts of the Research report:

1. Introductory Phase
2. Review of Literature
3. Research Methodology
4. Body of the Report
5. Conclusion
6. Recommendation
A. Introductory Phase
Introduction is as important as the main parts of a
research report. It contextualizes and sets the tone
and direction of research writing.

It answers the following questions:

● What was I was studying?
● What did we know about this topic before we
study?
● And, how this study advance new knowledge or
new ways of understanding?
 RESEARCH
REPORT STARTS
WITH FOUR
ELEMENTS
1. Research Title

A research title has to get the attention

of the readers. In other words, it must be
“catchy.” Being catchy does not mean
sacrificing the main message or idea of your
report.
 WHAT IS A
TWO- PART
TITLE IN
RESEARCH?
STIMULATING TITLE

• A stimulating title is designed to grab

attention, spark curiosity, and encourage the
reader to explore the content further.

• These titles are commonly used in more

general, non-technical writing or in cases
where the author wants to provoke interest or
discussion.
STIMULATING TITLE
Example:

"Unlocking the Secrets of the Brain:

How Sleep Affects Creativity"
DESCRIPTIVE TITLE

• A descriptive title is straightforward and

clearly states what the paper or article is
about.

• It focuses on providing precise information

about the subject matter, often summarizing
the content in a factual and concise way.
DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
Example:

"The Effects of Sleep on Cognitive

Function and Creativity in Adults"
2. Research Abstract

A research abstract is a vital

component of a report as it
provides the readers with a snap
view of what you will expect from
it.
Silverman (2006) identified what an
abstract should contain:

1. Research problem
2. Significance and value of the problem
3. Data and methods utilized
4. Main findings
5. Implication in the light of another research
3. List of Contents
A list of contents is a useful
component of a report as it guides
the readers to find their way through
the different parts of the report.
Hence, the consistency of the page
numbers with the parts of the report
is vital.
4. Introduction
1.What is the research all about?
2.Why have you chosen this topic rather than
the other topics?
3.Why are you interested in this topic?
4.How will you undertake the research?
5.What kind of research approach will you
utilize?
6.What are your research questions or
problems?
B. Review of related literature
The Review of Related Literature (RRL) provides
study background and environment. The intention
of the RRL is to locate the study in its area of
discipline and reveal its relevance and significance
in the environment.

The RRL would indicate if your topic is building on

previous researchers or if it is a new area of inquiry.
The RRL should make one realize that a study is
worth pursuing or not.
B. Review of related literature

● Focus only on studies that are vital

and
relevant in defining your research
problem.
● Organize what you say in the form of
an
argument rather than a simple
C. Research
Methodology
The research process is as important as the
research content. Thus, a research report
must also contain a description of the
research strategy.

The readers will be interested in finding how

you arrived at a particular study result.
Siverman (2008) pointed out that the
readers would be interested to know the
following:

1.Research topic
2.Case (s) you have studied
3.Research methods you have
chosen to use.
4.How you have analyzed the data
Silverman suggested that to be able to answer
methodological questions, you have to be familiar
with and knowledgeable about the following:

● How you obtained those data

● What claims you are making about the
data
● Methods you have used to gather the data
● Why you have chosen this methods
● How you have analyzed your data
D. Body of the Report / writing your
data.
The most essential part of the report is
writing about the data collected through
your research. There are two important
areas of consideration in the writing up
of the data, namely, data analysis, and
data presentation “
Data Analysis
Refers to the process of systematically applying
statistical and logical techniques to describe and
evaluate data.

Example:
Qualitative Analysis: Analyzing non-numeric data (e.g.,
interviews, open-ended survey responses) to identify themes,
patterns, or insights.
Inferential Analysis: Using statistical tests to make
inferences or generalizations about a larger population based
on a sample (e.g., t-tests, chi-square tests)
Data Presentation
Involves organizing and displaying the analyzed data in a
clear and effective manner, making it accessible and
understandable to the intended audience.

Example:
Narrative: Providing context and explanation alongside
visualizations to help the audience understand the
significance of the data.

Reports: Writing a clear and structured report that includes

an introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and
conclusion.
E. Writing your Conclusion
A good conclusion answers the specific questions
identified at the introductory phase of the research.

Example, if the question identified is, “How

adequate are the needs and the facilities for
teaching science? And then the findings reveal that
the facilities are less than the needs of the
students, the answer and the conclusion should be:
The facilities for the teaching of science are
inadequate. (Khreme, 2009).
F. Writing your Recommendation
The research recommendation is a part of the
paper where you make suggestions about some
resolutions as a response to the research problem.

It must be consistent part of the conclusion.

It proposes specific solutions connected with the

findings and must be supported by relevant data
and specific data from the findings.
Below are some tips from Teljlingen (2011) on how to
write recommendations:

● “You should not recommend anything that you

have
not previously discussed in the discussion. The
rule ‘no
new material’ in your conclusion is also applicable
to
your ‘Recommendations.’”

● “Recommendations are not the same as

conclusions.
● Based from the different types of report discussed
in
this module, identify and briefly explain using your
own
words as to what particular type of report is the
given
example?

● Identify the key factors on the given sample report

in
terms of

a. intended audience,
Thank you 