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Introduction to Microbiology

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Introduction to Microbiology

Uploaded by

reemabassbabiker4
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

Microbiology

Dr.Reem abass babiker, MSc.


Medical Microbiology
What is Microbiology?
• Micro= minute, Bio= life, Logy= logos= science.
• the science (logos) of small (micro) life (bios).
• the study of living things so small that they
cannot be seen with the naked eye.
Role of Microbiology
• Concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and
treatment of infectious diseases.

• Study various clinical applications of microbes


for the improvement of health
Clinical Microbiology :
Focuses on the isolation and characterization of
infectious organisms

Medical Microbiologist :
A medical microbiologist study the characteristics
of pathogens, their modes of transmission,
mechanisms of infection and growth.
Microorganism?
• A large and diverse group of microscopic
organisms that exist as single cells or cell
clusters; it also includes viruses, which are
microscopic but not cellular.
Microbiology disciplines
Bacteriology= Bacteria
Virology= Viruses.
Mycology= Fungi.
Parasitology= parasites.
Phycology= algae
Why is microbiology important?
• Medicine
• Environmental science
• Food and drink production
• Fundamental research
• Agriculture
• Pharmaceutical industry
• Genetic engineering.
Historical background
 Aristotle (322-384):
He said ‘’Microorganisms can be arised from non-living
matter’’.
 Hans and Zakaria’s Jansen (1590):
- They invented the first compound microscope, they used
‘’Lens grinders’’ and examined the swage water.
 Robert Koch (1660):
He was the first man who documented magazine which
contains every microorganisms he had seen by magnifying
glass.
 Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek (1676):
He examined the water spot, found bacteria and named it
‘’Animalcules’’.
 Gottfried Ehrenberg (1828):
He found that bacteria grouping in small sttaf and he changed
the name into ‘’Bacterion cross’’.
 Carlsen’s and Ernst Abbe (1883):
He discovered a very good microscope (ideal microscope).
 Ernst Ruska (1931):
Invented Electron microscope.
 John Needham:
‘’Spontaneous Generation Theory’’. the idea was that certain
forms such as fleas could arise from inanimate matter such as
dust, or that maggots could arise from dead flesh.
Development of Microbiology
1. Edward Jenner (1796):
- First successful vaccination.
- Relationship between smallpox and cowpox.
2. Louis Pasteur (1828 – 1895):
1- Invented pasteurization.
2- Discovered Goose-neck flask.
3- Vital force.
4- Explained fermentation of alcohol by yeast cells.
5- Explained fermentation of fruits by lactobacilli.
6- Discovered ‘’pebrine disease silkworm’’.
7- Discovered foul cholera (Vibrio cholerae).
8- Discovered attenuated vaccine of cholera.
9- Discovered anthrax.
3. Robert Koch (1843-1910):
1- He used gelatin as solidifying agent (colony
morphology).
2- Isolation of Bacillus anthracis in pure culture media.
3- Inocualted B. anthracis in a rabbit, and he obtained
antibodies against Anthrax (vaccine).
4- Discovered human cholera.
5- Discovered the causative agent of ‘’White Death’’
and he called ‘’Koch’s bacilli’’; now called
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
6- he used inoculation technique to irradicate
Anthrax.
7- Invented KOCH’s POSTULATES:
Koch’s Postulates
1. The pathogen (microorganism) must be present in
every instance of disease and absent from healthy
individuals.
2. The pathogen (microorganism) must be capable of
being isolated and grown in pure culture media.
3. Inoculation of pathogen from pure culture media
into experimental animal must give similar clinical
figure.
4. The same pathogen must be re-isolated in pure
culture media from diseased animal.
Exceptions
1. Some microorganisms can't cause animal disease.
2. Viruses, many viruses are not cause human disease.
3. When 2 or more organisms work in synergy to cause a
disease.
4. Symptoms or diseases that can be caused by several
microbes.
5. Ethical exceptions.
6. Highly contagious, virulent or dangerous strains (smallpox)
7. Some bacteria can’t grow in artificial culture media:
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Treponema pallidum
Introduction
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• Prokaryotes are those organisms which do not
contain nucleus and other membrane bound
• organelles.
• They are unicellular.
• Eukaryotes: are those organisms which
contain nucleus and membrane-bound
organelles.
• They are either unicellular or multicellular
• Bacteria are prokaryotes, while fungi and
• protozoa are eukaryotes.
Difference between Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Cells
Bacteria

• Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that


lack a nuclear membrane.
• These organisms exist widely in both parasitic
and free-living forms.
Bacteria
History

• 1876 and 1884 Robert Koch:


Isolation of bacteria.

Germ theory, a certain microorganism being

responsible for a certain disease.


Koch's postulates.
Bacterial vaccines

Bacteriology over the last century resulted in


the development of many effective vaccines
(e.g., pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine,
diphtheria toxoid, and tetanus toxoid).
Bacteria
• Another major advance was the discovery of
antibiotics.
Taxonomy of Microorganisms

• Taxonomy is the science of classification,


identification, and nomenclature.
Classification of Microorganisms

• Classification is the orderly arrangement of


bacteria into groups.
• Identification is the practical use of
classification criteria to distinguish certain
organisms from others.
Classification of Microorganisms

• Nomenclature (naming) is the means by which


the characteristics of a species are defined
and communicated among microbiologists.
Classification of Bacteria

• Bacteria are classified to distinguish and to


group them by criteria of interest to
microbiologists.
• Because of this variety, bacteria may be
grouped using many different typing schemes.
Classification of Bacteria
Typing schemes:
• Morphologic Characteristics
• Growth Characteristics
• Antigens Characteristics
• Biochemical Characteristics
Morphologic Characteristics

• Both wet-mounted and stained bacteria can yield a


great deal of information.
• These simple tests can indicate the Gram reaction
of the organism; whether it is acid-fast; its motility;
the arrangement of its flagella; the presence of
spores, capsules and of course, its shape.
Growth Characteristics

• A primary distinguishing characteristic is whether an


organism grows aerobically, anaerobically,
facultatively (i.e., in either the presence or absence
of oxygen), or microaerobically (i.e., in the presence
of a less than atmospheric partial pressure of
oxygen).
• Incubation temperature, pH, nutrients required, and
resistance to antibiotics.
Antigens Characteristics

• Antigens are substances that can elicit an


immune response in a host.
• Cell wall (O), flagellar (H), and capsular (K)
antigens are used to aid in classifying certain
organisms.
Biochemical Characteristics

• Most bacteria are identified and classified


largely on the basis of their reactions in a series
of biochemical tests.
1. Classification on the basis of gram stain and bacterial cell wall

• Classified as either Gram positive or negative


based on their morphology and differential
staining properties.
2. Classification of bacteria on the basis of
shape
3. Classification of bacteria on the basis of mode of nutrition

i. Phototrophs: gain energy from light.


ii. Chemotrophs: gain energy from chemical
compounds.
iii. Autotrophs: uses carbon dioxide as sole
source of carbon to prepare its own food.
iv. Heterotrophs: uses organic compound as
carbon source. Most of the human pathogenic
bacteria are heterotropic in nature.
4. Classification of bacteria on the basis of
temperature requirement

i. Psychrophiles: can grow at 0°C or below but


the optimum temperature of growth is 15 °C .
ii. Psychrotrops (facultative psychrophiles): can
grow even at 0°C but optimum temperature
for growth is (20-30)°C.
iii. Mesophiles: can grow best between (25-40)o
C but optimum temperature for growth is
37C. Most of the human pathogens are
mesophilic in nature.
4. Classification of bacteria on the basis of
temperature requirement

iv. Thermophiles: can best grow above 45C.


v. Hyperthermophiles: growth above 80C.
5. Classification of bacteria on the basis of oxygen requirement

i. Obligate Aerobes:
Require oxygen to live.
ii. Facultative Anaerobes:
Can use oxygen, but can grow in its absence.
iii. Obligate Anaerobes:
Cannot use oxygen and are harmed by the
presence of toxic forms of oxygen.
5. Classification of bacteria on the basis of oxygen requirement

iv. Aerotolerant Anaerobes:


Cannot use oxygen, but tolerate its presence.
v. Microaerophiles:
Require oxygen, but at low concentrations.
6. Classification of bacteria on the basis of pH of growth

i. Acidophiles
ii. Alkaliphiles
iii. Neutrophiles
Nomenclature

• Bacteria are named so that investigators can


define and discuss them without the necessity
of listing their characteristics.
Bacterial species

• Groups of similar organisms within a genus,


are designated by biochemical and other
phenotypic criteria and by DNA relatedness.
• Within one species, strains and subgroups can
differ.
Bacterial species

• Species are identified in the clinical laboratory


by morphological traits and biochemical tests.
• Strains of medical interest are often classified
below the species level by serology or
identification of toxins.
Bacterial taxonomy

• In bacterial taxonomy, the most commonly


used ranks or levels in their ascending order
are: species, genera, families, orders, classes,
phyla, and domain
Fungi

• Fungi are eukaryotic microorganisms which


are heterotrophic and essentially aerobic.
• Fungi grow as yeasts, molds or a combination
of both (i.e. dimorphism).
Fungi
• Classification of fungi can be based on
reproductive structures.
• Asexual structures are referred to as
anamorphs; sexual structures are known as
teleomorphs; and the whole fungus is known
as the holomorph.
Fungi

• Two independent, coexisting classification


systems, one based on anamorphs and the other
on teleomorphs are used to classify fungi.
• Fungi can also be classified as exogenous or
endogenous depending on the route of
infection.
Fungi

• Primary pathogens can cause disease even if


the host immune system is intact while
opportunistic pathogens generally cause
disease only in immunocompromised persons.
Classification of fungi

1. Based on mode of nutrition:

i. Saprophytic

ii. Parasitic

iii. Symbiotic
Classification of fungi

2. Based on spore formation:


i. Zygomycetes
ii. Ascomycetes
iii. Basidiomycetes
iv. Deuteromycetes
Zygomycetes
Zygospores
Basidiomycetes
Ascomycetes
Thanks for paying attention

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