CHAPTER III

RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN

• According to Barrot (2017), research design is defined

as the logical and coherent overall strategy that the
researcher uses to integrate all the components of the
research study. It will give meaning in the overall
process of your research study.
• Quantitative research is one type of factual
investigation. It means that its analysis focuses on
verifiable observations and expressed in numbers. It is
also a process of collecting and analyzing numerical
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data. It can be used to find patterns and averages,
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THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN, THE NON –

EXPERIMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL.

1. Non – experimental Research Design

• According to Kowalczyk (2015), non – experimental research means
there is a predictor variable of group of subjects that cannot be
manipulated by the experimenter. This suggests that different routes
should be accustomed draw conclusions, like correlation, survey or
case study.
2. Experimental Research Design
• It is guided by a hypothesis. Sometimes experimental research can
have several hypotheses. A hypothesis is a statement to be proven or
disapproved. Once that statement is formed experiments are begun
3 to seek out whether the statement is true or not.
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. NON – EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

1. Survey Research
• - uses interviews, questionnaires, and sampling polls.
• - allows the researchers to review behavior and then present the findings in an
accurate way.
• - usually expressed in percentage.
• - can be conducted around one group specifically or used to compare several
groups.
• - Example quantitative research title. Covid 19: How do Filipinos View the
Government’s Measures. This research will assist decision – makers in
formulating more acceptable policies to control the spreading of the virus in the
short term and also help restore confidence in government for the long term.

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. NON – EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

2. Correlational Research
• - tests for the relationships between two variables.
• - determines what the effect of one on the opposite that affects the
relationship.
• - predicts the magnitude of the association.
• - Example quantitative research title: A Study on Internet Usage of
Adolescents in relation to Aggression and Psychological Well –
being. This research aims to investigate the relationship among internet
usage, aggressive behavior and psychological well – being of adolescents.

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. NON – EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

3. Descriptive Research
• - is oftentimes as a survey or a normative approach.
• - is a study of prevailing conditions.
• - Example of quantitative descriptive research: A Study on the
Preparation of Student Teachers to Work with Diverse Population.
This study aims to describe the degree to which the education programs
prepared the students to work with diverse population.

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. NON – EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

4. Comparative Research
• - examines patterns of similarities and differences across a moderate
number of cases.
• - uses limited number of cases.
• - concerns to establish familiarity with each case included in a study.
• - Example of quantitative comparative research: A Study of the Use of
Library and Internet as Sources of Information by Students. This
study was conducted to compare the Internet use and Library use among
students. It was based on the assumption that students use the internet
more than library.
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. NON – EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

5. Ex – Post – facto Research

• - examines patterns of similarities and differences across a moderate
number of cases.
• - used in studies which measure the pre – existing effects.
• - is a study where the researcher has no control over the variables.
• - Example of Ex – Post – facto Research: A study on One – to – One Mobile
Technology and Standardized Testing. This study examined the impact of one
– to – one mobile technology on the number of students who passed the
standardized test.

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EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

1. Quasi - Experimental Research

• - involves selecting groups, upon which a variable is tested without any
random pre – selection process.
• - is a study where the groups are known to be already established before the
research.
• - Example of Quasi – Experimental Research: Evaluating the Cooperative
Component in Cooperative Learning. This study examined the efficacy
of the cooperative learning pedagogy (Think – Pair – Share exercises) in
problem solving

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EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

2. True Experimental Research

• - is thought to be the most accurate type of experimental research.
• - establishes cause and effect relationship.
• - contains three criteria: control and experimental group; researcher –
manipulated variable; random assignment.
• - Example of True Experimental Research: The effectiveness of family
planning programs. This study describes the magnitude of effects for family
planning programs.

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SAMPLING PROCEDURE AND THE SAMPLE

• Do you remember your lesson on writing scope and delimitation? In that

lesson, you stated the subjects, participants, or respondents of your study.
You also described their characteristics which qualify them to be the source
of your research data.
• The next question you have to answer is how many of the subjects,
participants, or respondents should be selected as a source of data? This
lesson will teach you how to describe sampling procedures in quantitative
research. Always remember that the sampling procedure must be aligned to
your chosen research design.

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POPULATION AND SAMPLE

• The first step in determining the sample size is identifying the population of the
topic of interest. The population is the totality of all the objects, elements, persons,
and characteristics under consideration.
• There are two types of population used in research: target population and accessible
population. The target population is the actual population, for example, all Senior
High School Students enrolled in Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM)
Strand in the Division of Bataan. While the accessible population is a portion of
the population in which the researcher has reasonable access, for example all Senior
High School enrolled in ABM strand at Bataan National High School.
• When the whole population is too costly or time–consuming or impractical to
consider by the researcher, then, a sample representative is identified. Sample is the
specific group that you will collect data from. Its size is always less than the
population. For example, the sample that you will be using are the two (2) sections
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of ABM class of Bataan National High School.
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SAMPLING

• Sampling pertains to the systematic process of selecting the group to be

analyzed in the research study. Sampling, in research, is a word that refers to
the method or procedures of choosing respondents to answer the question.
According to Paris (2013), the bigger the group from where you can choose
the sample is called population, and sampling frame is the list of members of
such population from where you will get the sample.

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THERE ARE TWO KINDS OF SAMPLING: THE PROBABILITY SAMPLING OR

UNBIASED SAMPLING AND NON – PROBABILITY SAMPLING

1. Probability Sampling
• This kind of sampling requires a researcher like you to have a list of your target
respondents focused on your study. This sampling provides an equal chance of
participation in the selection process given to every member listed in the
sampling frame. As a researcher, always remember that the smaller the sample
is, the higher chance of sampling error. Therefore, the bigger the number of
respondents will avoid sample errors. Sample errors yield if the selection does
not take place in the way it is planned by the researcher.
2. Non – probability Sampling
• It disregards random selection of respondents. According to Edmond (2013),
the subjects are chosen based on the availability or the purpose of the study, in
some cases it is the discretion of the researcher.
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PROBABILITY SAMPLING

1. Simple Probability Sampling

• - uses a pure chance selection process.
• - runs from making a list of all respondents, writing each name on the card,
choosing cards through a pure chance selection.
• - uses any of the following ways: fish bowl technique, roulette wheel, or table
of random numbers.
• Example: population: 30; sample: 15
• The researcher may write all 30 names in a clean sheet of paper, place it in
a bowl and draw 15 papers out of the bowl.

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PROBABILITY SAMPLING

2. Systematic Probability Sampling

• - uses sampling interval that will be used as quasi-random selection method.
• - runs from determining sampling interval, determining the number of
population and sample and computing for the sampling ratio.
• Example: population: 1500; sample: 150
• 150/1500 = 0.1 x 100 = 10%. The sampling interval is 10.

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PROBABILITY SAMPLING

3. Stratified Probability Sampling

• - is used in a study needing group – by – group analysis.
• - divides population according to strata or groups before selecting samples.
• Example: group the population according to age, gender, etc.

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PROBABILITY SAMPLING

4. Cluster Probability Sampling

• - samples economically while retaining the characteristics of a probability
sample.
• - runs through multiple clusters of people from the chosen population will be
created to have homogenous characteristics.
• Example: population: 1000; sample: 150
• The researcher can randomly select at least three (3) groups with 50
participants to represent the sample

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NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

1. Quota Sampling
• - is used when the researcher knows the characteristics of the target
population.
• - is used when the budget is tight and time is limited for the study.
• Example: population: 200 (100 males and 100 females) sample: 100 (25%
males and 75% females).

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NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

2. Voluntary Sampling
• - is a sampling technique wherein the subjects for the study are the ones
volunteering to be part of the sample.
• - has no selection process.
• Example: The researcher puts out a request from the members of the
population to join the sample, and the people will decide whether or not to
be in sample.
• 3.

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NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

3. Purposive or Judgmental Sampling

• - is used when the researcher chooses the people who are sure to
correspond to the objectives of the study.
• Example: The study is about choosing a course in college. The researcher
will interview students who will pursue college education.

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NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

4. Availability Sampling
• - is used when the researcher automatically includes the persons who show
willingness to participate in the study.
• - Also known as convenience sampling
• Example: A marketing student needs to get feedback regarding the taste of
a new variant of certain food endorsed in the market. He can create an
online survey, send a link to all the contacts on his phone, share the link in
social media, and talk to people he met on a daily basis.

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NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

5. Snowball Sampling
• - does not give a specific set of samples.
• - is used for a study involving unspecified group of people.
• Example: a researcher is conducting a study among homeless Badjao
families in Bataan. The first homeless Badjao family he met will be the
primary data. The researcher can collect data from other homeless Badjao
families who are referred by the first Badjao family. Referral of other
homeless Badjao family may continue until the researcher completed the
number of Badjao families he will include in the study.

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