Electrostatics

http://www.johndyer.com/sparxarcs.html
I can . . .
• use the basic structure of an atom to explain
how objects become ELECTRICALLY CHARGED.
• explain CONSERVATION OF CHARGE.
• predict what charge will occur when two insulators are
physically rubbed together based on how well an insulator
holds onto electrons.
• understand the differences between charging by
FRICTION, INDUCTION, CONDUCTION and POLARIZATION.
• apply the definition of a COULOMB
to find the charge on an electron or proton.
• use COULOMB’S LAW to calculate the
electrostatic force between two charges.
Probability Distribution of Electrons
“Electron Cloud”
Bohr Model of an Atom

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- -
-
- + ++
+
+ + ++
- + + ++
Bohr Model of an Atom

Electron
-

Charge = “Negative”
Mass = 9.109 x 10-31 kg
-
- -
-

+ Proton - + ++
+ + ++
+
Charge = “Positive”
- + + ++
Mass = 1.672 x 10-27 kg

Neutron
Charge = “Neutral”
Mass = 1.674 x 10-27 kg
 Conservation of Charge

- -
- - - -
- -
- + - + -
+ ++ + ++
- ++ - ++ -

6 Positive 6 Positive
4 Negative
6 6
8 Negative
= +2 netnet
Zero charge
charge = -2 netnet
Zero charge
charge
These
What
diagrams
is the charge
can beon
simplified
this Atom?
to . . .
-

-
-

- + + +
+ + -
-
+
+ ++

-
- -

4 Positive 4 Positive
3 Negative 5 Negative
= +1 = -1
There is a repulsive force
between electrons, - -
or between protons. + +

There is an attractive force

between electrons and protons.
- +

HOW MUCH
FORCE?
 We first need to
define a certain
quantity of charge.
 1 DOZEN eggs
12 eggs

1 SCORE years
20 years

1 REAM of paper
500 sheets

1 BUSHEL of apples
2152.42 cubic inches
( 42-48lbs of apples)
 COULOMB
ONE COULOMB of charge (+ or -)
Equals

6.24 x 10 charges
18
A whole heck charges
6,240,000,000,000,000,000 of a
boophoo bunch
of charge
 ONE COULOMB of charge (+ or -)
Equals

6.24 x 10 charges18

6,240,000,000,000,000,000 charges

The smallest unit of charge is

the charge of one electron or proton.

e = 1.60 x 10
- -19
Coulombs
Fundamental Units

Distance - Meters

Mass - Kilograms

Time - Seconds

Charge - Coulombs
Coulomb’s
LAW
ELECTROSTATICS
1 Coulomb Force 1 Coulomb

F α q1·q2
2 Coulombs 2 x Force 1 Coulomb

4 x Force
2 Coulombs 2 Coulombs

12 x Force
3 Coulombs 4 Coulombs

Radius
LIGHT INTENSITY

Distance = 1 2 3 4
Area = 1 4 9 16
Intensity = 1 1/4 1/9 1/16
Intensity = 1 1/22 1/32 1/42
GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

Distance = 1 R 2R 3R 4R
Force =1g 1/4 g 1/9 g 1/16 g
1/16 N 1/9 N 1/4 N FORCE = 1 N
4R 3R 2R Distance = 1 R
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-- - - -
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- - - -
- - -
- - --
ELECTROSTATIC
GRAVITY FORCE
FORCE is inversely proportional to the square of the distance.

F α 1
R 2

FORCE is directly proportional to the product of the charges.

F α q1 · q2
FORCE is inversely proportional to the square of the distance.
Coulomb’s Law
F α 1
R 2

F α q 1 · q 2
R product of the charges.
FORCE is directly proportional to the
2

q1 · q2
F =k
F Rα2 q1· q2
k = 8.9875 x 109 N·m2 / C2
k ~ 9 x 109 N·m2 / C2
 Electrical Force Very STRONG!

q1 · q2
FE =k k = 8.9875 x 109
R2
F = Force (Newtons)
q1= charge on one object (coulombs)
q2= charge on the other object (coulombs)
R = Distance between the charges (meters)

Gravitational Force Very WEAK!

m 1· m 2
Fg =G G = 6.67 x 10-11
R 2
 http://education.jlab.org/glossary/vandegraaff.jpg
+ +
- - -- - - + ++ +
+ +
-- - --- ++ + +
-- - + +
+ + + + +
-- - - +
- -- -- - + + ++ +
 250 μC 17 μC
.00025 Coulombs .000017 Coulombs
- -- -
---------------- - -
------- -------- - - - --
- -- - -
-- ------ -- - - --
- -- --

How much 1.31 meters

electrostatic
repulsive force
would there be
between these
two charges?

q1 · q2 k = 8.9875 x 109
F =k
R 2
F = 22 Newtons
 250 μC 17 μC
.00025 Coulombs .000017 Coulombs
- -- -
---------------- - -
------- -------- - - - --
- -- - -
-- ------ -- - - --
- -- --

How far would ? meters

these charges
have to be apart
to have an
electrostatic
repulsive force of
1,000 Newtons?
q1 · q2 k = 8.9875 x 109
F =k
R 2
R = .195 meters
 ?

rhydrogen = 5.31 x 10-11 m

me = 9.11 x 10-31 kg

e- = 1.60 x 10-19 C

v = ???
2,180,000 m/s
Find the net force on q3.
Find the net force on q1.
Charging by
FRICTION
 Conductors & Insulators
 Materials
in which charges are free to
move about are called conductors.
in which charges are not
 Materials

free to move about are called

insulators.
 Semiconductors
 Semiconductors are materials which
are good insulators in pure form, but
their conducting properties can be
adjusted over a wide range by
introducing very small amounts of
impurities.
 Silicon,germanium, etc.
 Transistors, computer chips, etc.
 Superconductors
 Superconductors are materials that
lose all resistance to charge
movement at temperatures near
absolute zero (0 K or about -273oC).
 Recently, “high temperature” (above
100 K) superconductors have been
discovered.
Superconductors
Electrical Electrical
Conductor Insulator
It is more difficult for electrons to travel
through the thin rubber coating than
it is for the electrons to travel
through many meters
of the metal.

Rubber “holds on” to it’s electrons much better.

http://www.made-in-china.com/image/2f0j00YMnECRgqqTbUM/Silicone-Rubber-Insulated-Wire-VDE-HO5S-K-.jpg
 Copper

Silver

Gold

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Rubber Rod and Fur Glass Rod and Silk

Fur +

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+
Silk
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Rubber Glass
Rubber is a better insulator than fur.
Silk is a better insulator than glass.
www.arborsci.com/CoolStuff/cool18.htm
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http://www.phys.unt.edu/~klittler/demo_room/e&m_photos/pith_balls.JPG

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 Electroscope
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Gold +
++
Leaf ++
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http://www.physlink.com/estore/cart/item_images/886_xl.jpg
 Electrical
Induction
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 Electrical
Induction
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Induction
Electrical
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Induction
Electrical
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Induction
Electrical
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Induction
Electrical
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Conduction + + + + + + + + + + + +
Electrical
 Electrical
Conduction
+
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Nano Robot Generator
http://www.gerakasae.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/05/Allen-Edmonds-dress-shoes.gif http://www.carpetguyzinc.com/files/QuickSiteImages/Imported_Images%5C1LivingRoom320Carpet320_op_320x320.jpg
Clifton Bluhm

Urethane

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-- -
- -
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Clifton Bluhm

Natural Rubber

+
+
+
+ +
+
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Wool
Clifton Bluhm
-+
http://www.technorama.biz/medien/bilder/vandegraffgenerator.jpg
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 2
- +
- + F =k
- +
- + +
+
+

q1 · q2
+
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+ ++
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+ + +
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+ +
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Charging by POLARIZATION
 Electric Dipoles
• An object that is electrically neutral overall, but
permanently polarized, is called an electric dipole.
– Example: H20 molecule
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http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/wdl/climate/weather_images/lightning1.htm
http://www.thunderheadgsps.com/images/thunderhead.jpg
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http://www.hk-phy.org/iq/lightning/lightning_e.html
http://www.uscoles.com/phoot/mattboltl.jpg
 Lightning Position

http://www.outdoored.com/anm/articlefiles/1807-lightningposition.jpg http://www.autographfoliages.com/images/lrg_xmas_pages/chm_065.jpg
Lightning during a recent thunderstorm in Norway killed a herd of 323 reindeer making
it one of the deadliest strikes ever.
I can . . .
• use the basic structure of an atom to explain
how objects become ELECTRICALLY CHARGED.
• explain CONSERVATION OF CHARGE.
• predict what charge will occur when two insulators are
physically rubbed together based on how well an insulator
holds onto electrons.
• understand the differences between charging by
FRICTION, INDUCTION, CONDUCTION and POLARIZATION.
• apply the definition of a COULOMB
to find the charge on an electron or proton.
• use COULOMB’S LAW to calculate the
electrostatic force between two charges.