SSP - 1

Presentation
Muhammad Salman Haider
Noreen Fatima
Nazia M.Ali
Phys – 3401
Contents
• Crystalline and non-crystalline
solids
• Glasses, definition
• Formation
• Properties
• Types
• Applications
• Methods to achieving glasses
• FAQs
 Crystalline Solids
Defi nition:
Crystalline solids have a regular, three-dimensional
arrangement of atoms, molecules, or ions.
Structure:
Crystalline solids have a long-range order, meaning
their atoms are arranged in a repeating pattern.
Properties:
- High melting point - High thermal conductivity -
Anisotropic (direction-dependent) properties - Can exhibit
cleavage
Examples:
Metals, minerals, and some polymers

Non-Crystalline Solids
(Glassy and amorphous solids)
Defi nition:
Solids in which atoms, molecules or ions are
arranged in irregular or random order are non crystalline or
amorphous solids.
Structure:
Non-crystalline solids have a short-range order,
meaning their atoms are arranged randomly.
Properties:
- Low melting point - Low thermal conductivity -
Isotropic (direction-independent) properties - Do not exhibit
cleavage
Examples: Glasses, amorphous metals, and some polymers
 Glasses
Definition:

Glasses are amorphous solids that lack the long range order
chararcteristics of crystalline materials, meaning their atoms or
molecules are randomly arranged.
The most common and familiar form of glass is silica
glass which is composed largely of silicon oxide (Si).

The definition of glass does not restrict either the

composition or the optical properties of the material, implying a wide
variety of different materials that are considered glass. In fact,
theoretically, any crystalline solid that can be brought to a liquid
state, can be forced into an amorphous solid state through rapid
solidification via extraordinary cooling rates.

A very common crystalline solid, has the same

composition as silica glass (Si) but was cooled slowly
enough to form long-range order.
 Glasses
Formation:
The transition from a liquid to a glass occurs when a
liquid is cooled below its freezing temperature without crystallization.
This process leads to a rigid, disordered structure.
This process leads to a rigid,
disordered structure. This unique structure
imparts distinctive properties to glasses,
such as transparency and brittleness.
Properties:
A very common crystalline solid, has
the same composition as silica glass (Si)
but was cooled slowly enough to form long
range order.
Non-silica glasses, in particular
metallic glasses, can obtain unique electric,
optical, or thermal properties from their
crystalline counterparts through glassification.
Non-metallic glasses can obtain similarly unique
properties by adjusting elemental compositions
 Glasses
Mechanical Properties:
Glasses are typically hard and brittle
due to their disordered atomic structure.
Glass has a relatively high elastic modulus (around
50–100 GPa), meaning it doesn't deform much under normal loads
but instead fractures when its strength limit is exceeded.
The elastic modulus governs how much a material
bends or deflects under load — the stiffer the material (higher E),
the smaller the deflection.
Glasses are typically very hard materials. Silicate
glasses, for example, have a Vickers hardness of 5–7 GPa
 Glasses
Optical Properties:
Silica glass is transparent in the
visible spectrum. Although there are crystalline materials that
are similarly transparent, they have several properties which
make them undesirable as optical media in many cases; though
each grain may be transparent, grain boundaries refl ect
and/or scatter light in poly crystalline materials ,unless cut
along specific planes, the faces of crystals are forced to conform
to a rigid geometric order which may also scatter light.

The lack of grain boundaries in glasses

contributes to their transparency, making them ideal for
applications like windows and lenses.
The optical application of glasses isn’t limited
to the visible spectrum; infrared (IR) fi lters are important
components of IR photography, spectroscopy, and data storage.
Example IR fi lter chalcogenide glasses.
 Glasses
Electrical Properties:
Pure silica glass is a well-known insulator,
having a resistivity on the order of 1014 ohm m.Glass is especially
desirable in the field of semiconductors for its insulating properties;
in device fabrication, glass is deposited between metals or
semiconductors as very thin insulators.
Doped glass, such as phosphosilicate (phosphorus
doped) or borophosphosilicate (boron and phosphorus
doped) are often used instead of pure silica glass for their lower
melting temperatures and increased planarization (forming
smooth flat surfaces).
Glasses
Though having a higher conductivity
that silica glasses, metallic glasses
have significantly lower electrical
conductivity than their crystalline
counterparts, on the same order as the
metals’ liquid counterpart, as a result of
the molecular disorder.
Of particular interest is the
electrical properties of amorphous
metals at low temperatures (~2-
40K); within this
range the resistivity of the material
increases linearly, unlike the
non-linear behavior of crystalline
metals, theoretically due to the lack
of phonon scattering (organized
lattice vibrations)
 Glasses
Thermal Properties:
Silica glass is commonly considered to be very
susceptible to thermal shock and breaks or cracks easily when suddenly
changing temperatures. This is true for the cheapest and most common
form of glass which is soda-lime-silica glass, which contains roughly
30% sodium oxide (Na2O), lime (CaO), magnesia (MgO) and
alumina (Al2O3).
Soda-lime has a coefficient of thermal expansion of
93.5E-7 cm/cm.°C, which describes the relative increase in size per
degree Celsius change in temperature. Pure or nearly pure (~96%)
silica glass has a small coefficient of thermal expansion of 7.5E-7
cm/cm.°C due to the homogeneity of the solid.

Glass does play a huge role in

thermal insulation in the form of fiber glass and
glass wool. Glass wool involves the production of
very thin strands on soda-lime glass to form a low
density packing material. Glass wool can
achieve higher specific heats than either
glass or water on the order of 7 J/g.K.
 Glasses
Types of Glasses
Oxide Glasses:
1. Silica Glass:
Made from silicon dioxide (SiO2), it's the most common
type of glass.
2. Soda-Lime Glass:
A mixture of silicon dioxide, sodium oxide, and calcium
oxide, commonly used in bottles and windows.
3. Borosilicate Glass:
Made from silicon dioxide and boron trioxide, it's known
for its thermal shock resistance and is often used in laboratory
equipment.
 Glasses
Chalcogenide Glasses
1. Sulfide Glasses:
Made from sulfur and other elements, they're
used in infrared optics and optical storage devices.
2. Selenide Glasses:
Made from selenium and other elements, they're
used in photocopiers and solar panels.
 Glasses
Metallic Glasses
Amorphous Metal Alloys:
Made from a mixture of metals, they're
known for their high strength, corrosion resistance, and magnetic
properties.
 Glasses
Applications of Glasses:
Building and Construction
Windows and Doors: Glass is widely used in windows, doors, and
facades of buildings.
Glass Flooring: Glass flooring is used in high-rise buildings, shopping
malls, and other public spaces.
Glass Walls: Glass walls are used in offices, homes, and other
buildings to provide natural light and aesthetic appeal.
Electronics and Optics
Display Screens: Glass is used in display screens of smartphones,
tablets, and laptops.
Fiber Optics: Glass fibers are used in telecommunications for
transmitting data as light signals.
Semiconductor Manufacturing: Glass is used as a substrate
material in semiconductor manufacturing.
Medical and Healthcare
Laboratory Equipment: Glass is used in laboratory equipment, such
as test tubes, beakers, and flasks.
Medical Devices: Glass is used in medical devices, such as syringes,
vials, and ampoules.
Dental Materials: Glass is used in dental materials, such as dental
fillings and crowns.
 Glasses
Methods to achieving Glass:
Creating some glass requires massive cooling rates, on the order
of 105 K/s. These cooling rates can be achieved by a variety of
methods including:
Fast Quenching:
Quickly submerging a material in a liquid of a
significantly lower temperature (generally oil or water) to solidify a
material before long range ordering can occur.
Splat/Roller Quenching:
A sample melt is pressed by or rolled through
internally cooled (water or liquid nitrogen) rollers or anvils causing near
instantaneous cooling and solidification.
Melt Spinning:
An internally cooled wheel (water or liquid nitrogen) is
rotated and a thin stream of liquid is dripped onto the wheel causing it
to rapidly solidify.
Sputtering:
Atoms are ejected due to bombardment of high energy
particles on the surface, causing the ejected particles to be deposited
on nearby surfaces. Used to create thin-films of amorphous solids.
Aerodynamic Levitation:
 Glasses
Applications of Glasses:
Building and Construction
Windows and Doors: Glass is widely used in windows, doors, and
facades of buildings.
Glass Flooring: Glass flooring is used in high-rise buildings, shopping
malls, and other public spaces.
Glass Walls: Glass walls are used in offices, homes, and other
buildings to provide natural light and aesthetic appeal.
Electronics and Optics
Display Screens: Glass is used in display screens of smartphones,
tablets, and laptops.
Fiber Optics: Glass fibers are used in telecommunications for
transmitting data as light signals.
Semiconductor Manufacturing: Glass is used as a substrate
material in semiconductor manufacturing.
Medical and Healthcare
Laboratory Equipment: Glass is used in laboratory equipment, such
as test tubes, beakers, and flasks.
Medical Devices: Glass is used in medical devices, such as syringes,
vials, and ampoules.
Dental Materials: Glass is used in dental materials, such as dental
fillings and crowns.
 FAQs
Question:
Why are glasses more desirable in optics than their
crystalline counterparts?
Answer:
Glasses, due to their amorphous nature, lack the light-scattering
grain boundaries present in crystals. Similarly, the amorphous nature of
glass allows for molecularly smooth curved surfaces, unrestricted by
lattice ordering constraints.
Question:
How could changing the index of refraction of glass be
beneficial?
Answer:
Glasses used in fiber optics require low refractive indices in
order to maintain the total internal reflection condition within the core
for long distances.
Question:
What is a 'phonon' and why would these not have the
same electron-scattering effects in metallic glass?
Answer:
A 'phonon' is a collective organized vibration or excitation of
atoms in a periodic lattice. A glass, by definition, lacks an organized
lattice or crystal structure and thus any phonon formation would be
unlikely and small, unable to scatter electrons reliably.