Tishk International University

Faculty of Pharmacy
2023 - 2024

 Welcome to

Human Biology & Genetics

Prepared By:
Supervised By:
Ms. Helen Hayder
Dr. Ahmad H. Ibrahim
Mr. Mohmad Delshad
Biosafety Rules:
Why does it matter?
 Safe working protects:
 You
 Other lab workers
 Cleaners
 Visitors
 Your work
Lab Safety Rules:
Wear protective clothing
o Gloves are essential.
o Lab coats are required.
o Safety glasses
( goggles) may be required to avoid
splashes.
Lab Safety Rules:
* Laboratory personnel should not wear sandals.
Lab Safety Rules:
* Avoid touching objects (e.g., pencils, cell phones, door
handles) while wearing gloves.
Lab Safety Rules:
* Pencils, labels, or any other materials
should never be placed in your mouth.

*Caution must be taken when using gas

burners. Be sure gas burners are turned off
when finished.
Lab Safety Rules:
*Long hair must be tied back or covered to minimize
fire hazard or contamination of experiments.

*Do not eat food or drink water in the lab.

do not use lab glassware as food or water containers.
Lab Safety Rules:
Protect your hands safety:
- wash hands after every lab.
- Handle glassware, sharp tools and heated containers carefully.
Lab Safety Rules:
Electrical safety:
- unplug electrical equipment after use.
- keep all electrical cords and wires away from water .
Lab Safety Rules:
Chemical safety:
-never touch, taste or smell a chemical unless instructed to do so.
- never mix chemicals unless instructed to do so.
-keep lids on chemical containers when not in use.

Do not take any cultures out of the lab for

any reason.
• All cultures should be handled as potentially
pathogenic.
• Liquid cultures must always be kept in a test tube
rack.
Lab Safety Rules:
*Do not engage in practical jokes or horseplay in the
lab.

*Keep nonessential books and clothing far away from

your work area.
Lab Safety Rules:
*Wipe the bench tops down with disinfectant both before you begin your
work and after you have completed your work.

*Dispose of waste products according to instructions.

Lab Safety Rules:
*Report all accidents, no matter how minor, to your
supervisor!!
Properties of Living Organisms:
 Hierarchical structural organization
 Molecular organization
 Atoms, small molecules, polymers
 Subcellular organization
 Organelles

 Cells
 The simplest structure capable of having all
of the properties of life
 Multicellular organization
 Tissues, organs, organ systems
 Ecosystem organization
 Populations, communities, biomes
Whats Biology?
-The study of living organisms, divided into many specialized fields that cover
their morphology, physiology, anatomy, behaviour, origin, and distribution.
 Biology (Greek or Latin origin)
 Bios = life
 Logos = study of

Characteristics of Life:
1. Cellular composition 6. Metabolism
2. Growth 7. Specific
3. Reproduction organization
4. Movement 8. Homeostasis
5. Adaptation 9. Responsiveness
Biology – The Study of Life
 Life arose more
than 3.5 billion
years ago
 First organisms
(living things) were
single celled
 Organisms changed
over time (evolved)

 New organisms arose

from older kinds
 Today there are
millions of species
 They inhabit almost
every region of Earth
today
 In
multicellular
organisms, cells
and groups of
cells (tissues) are
organized by
their function
 Cells  tissues
 Tissues  organs
 Organs  systems
 Systems 
 ORGANISM
Cellular Composition:
Unicellular - made of one cell (bacteria, amoeba, paramecium)

Multicellular - made up of two or more cells (plants, fungi, animals)

Growth:
 Increase in cell size (unicellular) and/or an increase in cell number
(multicellular)

Reproduction:
 Asexual- cell division (mitosis)—one cell becomes two Ex: bacteria
 Sexual- union of sex cells (sperm and egg) Ex: plants and animals
Movement:
 3 types:
A. Place to Place- (ex: bear running, bird flying, etc)
B. External Part- (ex: + phototropism, plants orient leaves toward sun)
C. Internal- (ex: cytoplasmic streaming)

Adaptation:
 Changing to meet the needs of the environment
Examples:

1. Bird migration- behavioral adaptation

2. Human body temperature- Physiological adaptation
3. Hibernation- physiological adaptation
4. Hare ear length (desert vs. arctic hares)- structural adaptation
Metabolism:
 Set of chemical reactions that convert “food” into energy

Specific organization:
 Certain parts do specific jobs (ex: heart, nucleus, chloroplasts, etc)

Homeostasis:
 Maintaining the same state
Homeo = same, steady
Stasis = state
Examples:
-Water balance inside and outside of cell
-Human body temperature
*Cells function best when these are in balance
Responsiveness:
Reaction(s) to various stimuli
Examples of stimuli: light, heat, pH, vibration,
smell, etc.– earthworms respond to all of these
Branches of Biology:
1-Zoology- the study of animals
2-Ichthyology- the study of fish
Why Important? Fish are indicator species. Alert humans to potential
environmental problems
3-Mammalogy- study of mammals (NASA)
4-Ornithology- the study of birds
Why important? DDT(insecticide used in ‘50s and ’60s) Birds of prey #s declined
bioaccumulation- the build up of chemicals or toxins in living things
5-Botany- the study of plants
Why important? Food production, medicines
6-Microbiology- study of small life
Why important?
Medicines, bioterrorism
7-Anatomy- study of an organism’s parts
8-Physiology- study of how organism’s parts work
Why important? Health professions, veterinarians
9-Entomology- study of insects
Why important? West Nile virus, Yellow fever– carried by mosquitoes
10-Genetics- study of heredity and genetic material (DNA/RNA, chromosomes, genes)
Why important? Cloning, research, solving crime
11-Ecology- study of all life in a particular area, the relationships b/t
those life forms and the environment
Why important? AMD, Overpopulation
Ozone Depletion/Greenhouse Effect
Rainforest Destruction
Pollution- other states pay to dump garbage in PA
12-Cell Biology- the study of cells
Why Important?
Need to know about cells to learn more about whole organisms
The microscope
• A microscope come from Ancient Greek (mikrós) 'small', and
(skopéō) 'to look is a laboratory instrument used to examine
objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.

History of Microscope:
Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek is the first one
who Used single-lensed microscopes of his own
design and make, van Leeuwenhoek was the first
to observe and to experiment with microbes,

Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

1632-1723
 Parts of Microscope:
Ocular Lens/Eyepiece: Magnifies Body Tube: The body tube holds the
the specimen image. objective lenses and the ocular lens at
the proper distance, transferring the
image.

Objective Lenses: The

Nose Piece: The Nose Piece holds Objective Lenses increase
the objective lenses and can be turned magnification (usually from
to increase the magnification 10x ,40x, 100x)
 Arm: Used to support the
microscope when carried.
Holds the body tube, nose
Stage Clips :These 2 clips piece and objective lenses
hold the slide/specimen in
place on the stage.

Diaphragm: The Diaphragm

controls the amount of light Light Source (Illuminator)
on the slide/specimen to the
condenser. Projects light upwards through
the diaphragm, the specimen
and the lenses.
 Course adjustment: Moves the
stage up and down (quickly) for
Stage: Supports the focusing your image.
slide/specimen.

Fine adjustment: This knob

moves the stage slightly to
sharpen the image.
Base: Support the microscope.
 Magnification:
*To determine your magnification…you just multiply the ocular lens by the objective lens.
Ocula Objecti Total
*Ocular 10x Objective 40x:10 x 40 = 400 r ve lens magnificatio
lens n

10X Red 40X

4X
10X Blue 100X
Caring for a Microscope: 10X
10X Yello 400X
• Clean only with a soft cloth/tissue. w
• Make sure it’s on a flat surface. 40X

• Carry it with 2 HANDS…one on the 10X White 1000X

arm and the other on the base. 100X
 The microscope should
always be started with
the 4X (red) lens in
place and the stage in
its lowest position.
 Using a
Microscope:

1-Placing a slide on the stage 2-Beginning with the low power lens

3-Adjusting the magnification

The Types of microscope:
1. Simple light microscope 2. Compound light microscope

3. Confocal microscope: unlike compound

microscope , which uses a regular light for
image formation, the confocal microscopy uses
a laser light to scan sample that have dyed, the
image will be viewed by a computer.
4. Electron microscope: is a microscope that uses a beam of accelerated
electrons as a source of illumination. They used it to investigate the
ultrastructure of a wide range of biological and inorganic specimens
including microorganisms, cells, large molecules, biopsy samples,
metals, andelectron
a. scanning crystals.
microscope or SEM uses electrons rather than light for image
formation. Samples are scanned in vacuum or near-vacuum conditions, the specimen is
plated with a conductive material such as gold and placed in a chamber where electrons are
directed towards it and a 3-D, black-and-white image on a computer screen is produced.

*SEM: is directed to observe the

surface of the specimen an can not
transmit through or inside the
objects.
b. Transmission electron microscope or TEM also uses electron beam for image
formation but, TEM uses a slide preparation to obtain a 2-D view of specimens, so
it's more suited for viewing objects with some degree of transparency.

TEM: is directed to specimens to observe tiny

parts through which the beams of electrons can
transmit.
 Don’tforget to join Google
classroom
 Placeyour chairs back to their
places

Thank
you
