Scribd
Upload
8 views

Protocol

Comp networking

Uploaded by

Joseph Ray
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views

Protocol

Comp networking

Uploaded by

Joseph Ray
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

Protocol

Farrukh Waheed
PROTOCOL.
• RULES,
It is a of rules that govern data communication set. Protocol
determines:

• WHAT ,HOW,WHEN IS COMMUNICATED.


PROTOCOL HUMAN
COMMUNICATION
• Human communication and include
An identified sender and receiver.
Common language and grammar
Speed and timing of delivery
Confirmation or acknowledgment requirements.
• Protocols - Network Communication
(Elements: Protocols used in network communication also define.
Message encoding
Message formatting and encapsulation.
Message timing
Message Size of a Protocol)
Unicast,
Multicast ,Broadcasting.
Unicast:
• This type of information transfer is useful when there is a
participation of a single sender and a single recipient. So, in
short, you can term it a one-to-one transmission. For example, if
a device having IP address 10.1.2.0 in a network wants to send
the traffic stream(data packets) to the device with IP address
20.12.4.2 in the other network, then unicast comes into the
picture. This is the most common form of data transfer over
networks.
Broadcast:

• Broadcasting transfer (one-to-all) techniques can be


classified into two types:
• Limited Broadcasting: Suppose you have to send a
stream of packets to all the devices over the network that
your reside, this broadcasting comes in handy. For this to
achieve, it will append 255.255.255.255 (all the 32 bits of
IP address set to 1) called Limited Broadcast Address in
the destination address of the datagram (packet) header
which is reserved for information transfer to all the
recipients from a single client (sender) over the network.
Multicast:

• In multicasting, one/more senders and one/more recipients


participate in data transfer traffic. In this method traffic recline
between the boundaries of unicast (one-to-one) and broadcast
(one-to-all). Multicast lets servers direct single copies of data
streams that are then simulated and routed to hosts that request
it. IP multicast requires the support of some other protocols
like IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol),
Multicast routing for its work. Also in Classful IP
addressing Class D is reserved for multicast groups.
What is a network protocol?

• In networking, a protocol is a set of rules for formatting


and processing data. Network protocols are like a
common language for computers. The computers within a
network may use vastly different software and hardware;
however, the use of protocols enables them to
communicate with each other regardless.
What is the difference between syntax and
semantics?

• Syntax is the structure of language, such as word order


and sentence composition. Semantics is the meaning of
words. Both syntax and semantics can provide valuable
context clues to aid readers in comprehending unfamiliar
words.
Why is there twisting in twisted-pair cables?

• To prevent noise, signal interference and crosstalk during


transmissions, twisting is introduced into conducting
cables. Twisting reduces the strength of noise signals and
cancels out external waves by moving a part of the noise
in the direction of the signal and another part in the
opposite direction. Since the receiver can calculate the
voltage difference of two wires to retrieve data more
efficiently, twisting provides better noise immunity and
lower signal attenuation
Why is there twisting in
twisted-pair cables?
Types of Network based on size
Types of Network based on size
• The types of network are classified based upon the size,
the area it covers and its physical architecture. The three
primary network categories are LAN, WAN and MAN.
Each network differs in their characteristics such as
distance, transmission speed, cables and cost. Basic types
LAN (Local Area Network)
• LAN (Local Area Network) Group of interconnected
computers within a small area. (room, building, campus)
Two or more pc's can from a LAN to share files, folders,
printers, applications and other devices. Coaxial or CAT 5
cables are normally used for connections. Due to short
distances, errors and noise are minimum. Data transfer
rate is 10 to 100 mbps. Example: A computer lab in a
school.
LAN (Local Area Network)
MAN (Metropolitan Area
Network)
• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) Design to extend over
a large area. Connecting number of LAN's to form larger
network, so that resources can be shared. Networks can
be up to 5 to 50 km. Owned by organization or individual.
Data transfer rate is low compare to LAN. Example:
Organization with different branches located in the city.
MAN (Metropolitan Area
Network)
MAN (Metropolitan Area
Network)
WAN (Wide Area Network)
• WAN (Wide Area Network) Are country and worldwide
network. Contains multiple LAN's and MAN's.
Distinguished in terms of geographical range. Uses
satellites and microwave relays. Data transfer rate
depends upon the ISP provider and varies over the
location. Best example is the internet.
WAN (Wide Area Network)
Other types
• Other types WLAN (Wireless LAN) A LAN that uses high
frequency radio waves for communication. Provides short
range connectivity with high speed data transmission.
PAN (Personal Area Network) Network organized by the
individual user for its personal use. SAN (Storage Area
Network) Connects servers to data storage devices via
fiber-optic cables. E.g.: Used for daily backup of
organization or a mirror copy

You might also like