Scribd
Upload
14 views

Reproduction in Human -2 (1)

Uploaded by

mdaniyal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views

Reproduction in Human -2 (1)

Uploaded by

mdaniyal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

Reproduction in Human -2

Female reproductive system


Male reproductive system
Production of gametes
• Sperm production
• The lining of the sperm-
producing tubules in the testis
consists of rapidly dividing cells
• After a series of cell divisions,
the cells grow long tails called
flagellae (singular: flagellum)
and become sperm, which pass
into the epididymis.
• The prostate gland and seminal
vesicle add fluid to the sperm.
This fluid plus the sperm it
contains is called semen, and
the ejection of sperm through
the penis is called ejaculation.
Puberty and the menstrual cycle

• Puberty
• In both sexes there is a rapid increase in the rate of growth during
• Puberty.
• Secondary sexual characteristics appear
• Start due to release of sexual hormones
• the age of about 10–14 years.
• This stage of life is known as puberty.
• In addition to the physical changes at puberty, there are emotional
and psychological changes associated with the transition from
being a child to becoming an adult, i.e. the period of adolescence.
• Most people adjust to these changes smoothly and without
problems. Sometimes, however, a conflict arises between having
the status of a child and the sexuality and feelings of an adult
• Female puberty
• Although the ovaries of a young girl contain all the ova she will ever
produce, they do not start to be released until she reaches the age of
about 10–14 years.
• At about the same time as the first ovulation, the ovary also releases
female sex hormones into the bloodstream.
• These hormones are called oestrogens and when they circulate around
the body, they bring about the development of secondary sexual
characteristics.
Female secondary sexual characteristics
• the increased growth of the breasts
• a widening of the hips
• growth of hair in the pubic region and in the armpits.
• increase in the size of the uterus and vagina.
• Menstrual cycle begins

Once all these changes are complete, the girl is capable of having a baby.
• Male puberty

• Puberty in boys occurs at about the same age as in girls.


The testes start to produce sperm for the first time and
also release a hormone, called testosterone, into the
bloodstream.

The male secondary sexual characteristics


• enlargement of the testes and penis
• deepening of the voice
• growth of hair in the pubic region, armpits, chest and,
later on, the face.
• Muscles develop
Hormones and menstrual cycle
• Starts in early adolescence in girls (around age 12) and is controlled by hormones
• The average menstrual cycle is 28 days long
• Ovulation - the release of an egg/ovum with its coating cells from the follicle in
the ovary into to oviduct.
• This occurs about halfway through the cycle (day 14) and the egg then travels
down the oviduct to the uterus
• Failure to fertilize the egg causes menstruation (commonly called a period) to
occur – this is caused by the breakdown of the thickened lining of the uterus
• Menstruation lasts around 5 – 7 days and signals the beginning of the next cycle
• After menstruation finishes, the lining of the uterus starts to thicken again in
preparation for possible implantation in the next cycle
The roles of oestrogen and progesterone

Oestrogen levels rise from day 1 to peak


just before day 14
This causes the uterine wall to start
thickening and the egg to mature
The peak in oestrogen occurs just before the
egg is released
Progesterone stays low from day 1 – 14 and
starts to rise once ovulation has occurred
The increasing levels cause the uterine
lining to thicken further; a fall in
progesterone levels causes the uterine
lining to break down (menstruation /
‘period’)
Role of FSE and LH
• The menstrual cycle is
controlled by hormones
released from
the ovary and the pituitary
gland in the brain
• The roles of FSH and LH
• FSH (follicle-
stimulating hormone) is
released by the pituitary
gland and causes an egg to
start maturing in the ovary
• It also stimulates the
ovaries to start
releasing oestrogen
• The pituitary gland is
stimulated to
release luteinising hormone
(LH) when oestrogen levels
have reached their peak
• LH causes ovulation to
occur and also stimulates
the ovary to
produce progesterone
• Interaction between all four of the menstrual cycle hormones

• The pituitary gland produces FSH which stimulates the development of a follicle in the
ovary
• An egg develops inside the follicle and the follicle produces the hormone oestrogen
• Oestrogen causes growth and repair of the lining of the uterus wall and inhibits
production of FSH
• When oestrogen rises to a high enough level it stimulates the release of LH from the
pituitary gland which causes ovulation (usually around day 14 of the cycle)
• The follicle becomes the corpus luteum and starts producing progesterone
• Progesterone maintains the uterus lining (the thickness of the uterus wall)
• If the ovum is not fertilised, the corpus luteum breaks down and progesterone levels
drop
• This causes menstruation, where the uterus lining breaks down and is removed
through the vagina – commonly known as having a period
• If pregnancy does occur the corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone,
preventing the uterus lining from breaking down and aborting the pregnancy.
• It does this until the placenta has developed, at which point it starts secreting
progesterone and continues to do so throughout the pregnancy
• Progesterone also inhibits, FSH / LH release and development of another egg until the
end of pregnancy
Menopause

• Between the ages of 40 and 55, the ovaries


cease to release ova or produce hormones.
• As a consequence, menstrual periods cease,
the woman can no longer have children
Testosterone

You might also like