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Psoc Unit III

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Ramesh Babu
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3 views

Psoc Unit III

PSOC

Uploaded by

Ramesh Babu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit-III

load frequency control

By
Jarapala Ramesh Babu
Load Frequency Control
• Let us consider the problem of controlling the power output
of the generators of a closely knit electric area so as to
maintain the scheduled frequency. All the generators in such
an area constitute a coherentgroup so that all the generators
speed up and slow down together maintaining their relative
power angles. Such an area is defined as a control area.

•To understand the load frequency control problem, let us


consider a single turbo-generator system supplying an
isolated load.
Turbine Speed Governing System
• Fly ball speed governor: This is the heart of the system which senses the change in
speed (frequency). As the speed increases the fly balls move outwards and the
point B on linkage mechanism moves downwards. The reverse happens when the
speed decreases.
• Hydraulic amplifier: It comprises a pilot valve and main piston Low power level
pilot valve movement is converted into high power level piston valve movement.
This is necessary in order to open or close the steam valve against high pressure
steam.
• Linkage mechanism: ABC is a rigid link pivoted at B and CDE is another rigid link
pivoted at This link mechanism provides a movement to the control valve in
proportion to change in speed. It also provides a feedback from the steam valve
movement (link 4).
• Speed changer: It provides a steady state power output setting for the turbine. Its
downward movement opens the upper pilot valve so that more steam is admitted to
the turbine under steady conditions (hence more steady power output). The reverse
happens for upward movement of speed changer.
Model of Speed Governing System
Assume that the system is initially operating under steady conditions—the linkage
mechanism stationary and pilot valve closed, steam valve opened by a definite
magnitude, turbine running at constant speed with turbine po
wer output balancing the generator load. Let the operating conditions be characterized
by

We shall obtain a linear incremental model around these operating conditions.


Let the point A on the linkage mechanism be moved downwards by a small
amount ΔyA. It is a comma
nd which causes the turbine power output to change and can therefore be written
as

where ΔPC is the commanded increase in power.


• The command signal ΔPC (i.e. ΔyE) sets into motion a sequence
of events—the pilot valve moves upwards, high pressure oil
flows on to the top of the main piston moving it downwards;
the steam valve opening consequently increases, the turbine
generator speed increases, i.e. the frequency goes up. Let us
model these events mathematically.
• Two factors contribute to the movement of C:
The movement ΔyD depending upon its sign opens one of the ports of the pilot valve admitting
high pressure oil into the cylinder thereby moving the main piston and opening the steam
valve by ΔyE. Certain justifiable simplifying assumptions, which can be made at this stage,
are:
• Inertial reaction forces of main piston and steam valve are negligible compared to the
forces exerted on the piston by high pressure oil.
• Because of (i) above, the rate of oil admitted to the cylinder is proportional to port opening
ΔyD.
The volume of oil admitted to the cylinder is thus proportional to the time integral of
ΔyD,. The movement ΔyE is obtained by dividing the oil volume by the area of the cross-
section of the piston. Thus
taking the Laplace transform of Eqs. (8.2), (8.3) and (8.4), we get

Eliminating ΔYC(s) and ΔYD(s), we can write

Equation (8.8) is represented in the


form of a block diagram in Fig. 8.3.

Where
Turbine Model
Let us now relate the dynamic response of a steam turbine in terms of
changes in power output to changes in steam valve opening ΔyE. Figure 8.4a
shows a two stage steam turbine with a reheat unit. The dynamic response is
largely influenced by two factors,
(i) entrained steam between the inlet steam valve and first stage of the turbine,
(ii) the storage action in the reheater which causes the output of the low pressure
stage to lag behind that of the high pressure stage.
Thus, the turbine transfer function is characterized by two time
constants. For ease of analysis it will be assumed here that the turbine can be
modelled to have a single equivalent time constant. Figure 8.4b shows the
transfer function model of a steam turbine. Typically the time constant T t lies in
the range 0.2 to 2.5 sec.
Generator Load Model
• The increment in power input to the generator-load system is

• where ΔPG = ΔPt incremental turbine power output (assuming generator


incremental loss to be negligible) and ΔPD is the load increment.
• This increment in power input to the system is accounted for in two ways:
• Rate of increase of stored kinetic energy in the generator rotor. At scheduled
frequency (f° ), the stored energy is

• where Pr is the kW rating of the turbo-generator and H is defined as its inertia


constant.
• The kinetic energy being proportional to square of speed (frequency), the
kinetic energy at a frequency of (f°+Δf) is given by
• Rate of change of kinetic energy is therefore

• As the frequency changes, the motor load changes being sensitive to speed, the
rate of change of load with respect to frequency, i.e. δP D/δf can be regarded as
nearly constant for small changes in frequency Δf and can be expressed as

• where the constant B can be determined empirically. B is positive for a


predominantly motor load.
• Writing the power balance equation, we have

• Dividing throughout by Pr and rearranging, we get


• Taking the Laplace transform, we can write ΔF(s) as

• Where
Complete Block Diagram Representation of Load Frequency Control of an
Isolated Power System

• A complete block diagram representation of an isolated power systemcomprising


turbine, generator, governor and load is easily obtained by combining the block
diagrams of individual components, i.e. by combining Figs. 8.3, 8.4 and 8.5. The
complete block diagram with feedback loop is shown in Fig. 8.6 .
• Steady States Analysis
• The model of Fig. 8.6 shows that there are two important incremental inputs to
the load frequency control system -ΔPC, the change in speed changer setting; and

ΔPD, the change in load demand. Let us consider a simple situation in which the

speed changer has a fixed setting (i.e. ΔP C = 0) and the load demand changes. This
is known as free governor operation. For such an operation the steady change in
system frequency for a sudden change in load demand by an amount
• While the gain Kt is fixed for the turbine and Kps is fixed for the power system,
Ksg, the speed governor gain is easily adjustable by changing lengths of various
links. Let it be assumed for simplicity that K sg is so adjusted that

It is also recognized that Kps = 1/B, where B = δPD/δf / Pr (in pu


MW/unitchange in frequency). Now
• Fig. 8.7 shows the linear relationship between frequency and load for free governor
operation with speed changer set to give a scheduled frequency of 100% at full
load. The ‘droop’ or slope of this relationship is

• Power system parameter B is generally much smaller* than 1/R (a typical value is B
= 0.01 pu MW/Hz and 1/R = 1/3) so that B can be neglected in comparison.
Equation (8.16) then simplifies to

• The droop of the load frequency curve is thus mainly determined by R, the speed
governor regulation.
CASE-II
• It is also observed from the above that increase in load demand (ΔPD) is met under

steady conditions partly by increased generation (ΔP G) due to opening of the steam
valve and partly by decreased load demand due to drop in system frequency. From
the block diagram of Fig. 8.6 (with KsgKt≈1)

• Of course, the contribution of decrease in system load is much less than the
increase in generation. For typical values of B and R quoted earlier
• Consider now the steady effect of changing speed changer setting

• with load demand remaining fixed (i.e. ΔPD = 0). The steady state change in
frequency is obtained as follows.

• If

• If the speed changer setting is changed by ΔPC while the load demand changes by
ΔPD, the steady frequency change is obtained by superposition, i.e.
• According to Eq. (8.21) the frequency change caused by load demand can be
compensated by changing the setting of the speed changer, i.e.

• Figure 8.7 depicts two load frequency plots—one to give scheduled frequency at
100% rated load and the other to give the same frequency at 60% rated load.

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