INTRODUCTION

TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND

ENGINEERING
Introduction:-
• This includes various modes of transportation,
(roads, railways, airports, ports, and public
transit.)
• Transportation planning and engineering are
crucial fields that focus on the design,
development, and management of transportation
systems to ensure efficient and safe movement of
people and goods.
Modes of Transportation:-
• Modes of transportation refer to the various means by
which people and goods move from one place to
another.
• These modes serve different purposes & cover various
distances.
• Here are some common modes of transportation:
1. Road Transportation
2. Rail Transportation
3. Air Transportation
4. Water Transportation
5. Multimodal Transportation
1. Road transportation:-
• The road is one of the common modes of
transportation.
• A road is an identifiable route way or path
between two or more places.
• This mode of transport helps to transfer the goods
from one place to another place by road through
various methods (auto, buses, trucks, cargos, and
other suitable factors).
• In road transport, the chances of an accident are
very high and it is also very risky.
2. Rail Transportation:-
• It is a means of transport in which the goods &
passengers are transferred from one place to
another place.
• It is economical for long distances because it can
easily cover all area of states and cities.
• This means of transport is very faster than
roadways.
3. Air Transportation:-
• Airplanes/ Aircrafts are used for passenger and
cargo transportation over long distances.
• Fastest means of transportation.
• Each and every area of accessible.
• It is very suitable for emergency services.
4. Water Transportation:-
• It is the very cheapest or easiest means of
transportation.
• Small watercraft used for shorter distances, often
on rivers and lakes.
• Ships & Large boats used for transporting goods
and people across oceans and seas.
5. Multimodal Transportation:-
• The utilization of more than one mode of
transport is called multimodal transportation.
• To any part of the world cargo can be moved
using these modes of transport.
6. Pipeline Transportation
7. Space Transportation
8. Cable Transportation
historical development of road & road
construction in Nepal:-
• The historical development of road construction
in Nepal has undergone various phases,
influenced by the country's geographical and
economic conditions.
Ancient and Medieval Periods:
• In ancient times, footpaths and trails were the
primary means of communication between
different regions in Nepal.
• The construction of paths and trails was
influenced by trade routes, connecting different
towns and religious sites.
Malla Period (12th to 18th centuries):
• The Malla rulers focused on the development of
urban centers, and some roads and pathways were
constructed during this period.
• Roads were primarily made of gravel, stones, and
soil.
Shah Dynasty (18th century onwards):
• With the unification of Nepal by King Prithvi
Narayan Shah in the 18th century, there was an
increased emphasis on infrastructure
development, including road construction.
• Strategic routes were developed to facilitate the
movement of troops and administration across the
newly formed kingdom.
Early 20th Century:
• The Rana rulers continued some road
development projects, particularly in the
Kathmandu Valley.
• However, road construction remained limited, and
the transportation system was still reliant on
traditional pathways.
• The first motorable road was constructed in the
kathmandu valley in 1924.
• The road length in the country was only 376 km
in the 1950.
Late 20th Century:
• Modern road construction began to take shape
in the mid-20th century, with the establishment
of the Department of Roads (DoR) in 1950.
• The development of road networks gained
momentum with the assistance of international
aid and donor agencies.
Post-1990s Democratic Movement:
• After the restoration of democracy in 1990, there
was an increased focus on infrastructure
development, including roads.
• The government initiated projects to connect
remote areas, improve transportation, and boost
economic activities.
Recent Developments:
• In recent years, Nepal has made efforts to expand its
road network, particularly in rural and hilly regions.
• The Economic Survey 2014–15 released by
the Ministry of Finance (Nepal), shows that the
country had total road network of 80,078 km in
2014/15 that included 26,935 km roads constructed
and maintained by the Department of Roads (DoR)
and 53,143 km roads constructed by the government
of local bodies. This includes the national highway,
feeder roads, district roads and urban roads.
Objective of road planning:-
 Accessibility and Connectivity:
• Ensure that roads provide efficient connectivity
between different locations, facilitating the
movement of people and goods.
• Improve accessibility to remote areas, promoting
economic development and social inclusion.
• Safety:
• Minimize traffic accidents by designing roads with
safety features such as proper signage, lighting,
and appropriate speed limits.
• Implement measures to protect vulnerable road
users, including pedestrians and cyclists.
Efficiency and Mobility:
• Optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion
through well-designed road networks,
intersections, and traffic management strategies.
• Enhance mobility by providing various
transportation options, including public transit,
walking, and cycling infrastructure.
Environmental Sustainability:
• Minimize the environmental impact of roads by
considering factors such as air and noise
pollution, wildlife conservation, and the
preservation of natural habitats.
Economic Development:
• Support economic growth by providing efficient
transportation routes for the movement of goods
and services.
Land Use Planning:
• Integrate road planning with broader land use
planning to ensure that roads complement and
support surrounding development.
Cost-Effectiveness:
• Optimize resource allocation and cost-
effectiveness in road construction, maintenance,
and rehabilitation projects.
National network planning:
 Transportation Master Plan:
• Develop a comprehensive transportation master
plan that outlines the long-term vision, goals, and
strategies for the national road network.
• This plan should consider factors such as
population growth, economic development, and
urbanization.
Road Classification:
• Classify roads based on their function and
importance, such as highways, expressways, and
local roads etc.
Geographic Coverage:
• Ensure that the road network covers both urban
and rural areas, connecting major cities, industrial
zones, agricultural regions, and remote areas.
Safety Considerations:
• Prioritize road safety by incorporating design
elements that reduce accidents and fatalities.
• This includes proper signage, road markings,
lighting, and the implementation of traffic
management systems.
Environmental Sustainability:
• Incorporate sustainable practices in road
construction and maintenance to minimize
environmental impact.
• Consider measures such as green infrastructure,
wildlife corridors, and storm water management
etc.
Urban road network planning:-
• Urban road network planning is a complex
process that involves designing and managing
road systems within urban areas to ensure
efficient transportation, enhance safety, and
support sustainable development.
• The goal is to enhance mobility, reduce
congestion, improve safety, and contribute to the
overall livability of the urban environment.
Ring roads:-
• A ring road is a circular road or highway that
surrounds a city or a large urban area.
• Ring roads are designed to provide a route
around the city center, helping to divert through
traffic and alleviate congestion within the city.
• They can have various purposes, including
improving transportation efficiency, enhancing
connectivity, and supporting economic
development.
Classification of roads [Nepal Road Standards
(NRS)]:-
• Nepal Road standard 2070 has classified road as
National highways-
• These roads connect east west and north south of
the nation.
• These roads shall be main arterial routes passing
through length and breadth of country
Feeder roads-
• These roads are designated by followed by 3 digits
number.
• These roads connect district headquarter, major
economic center and tourism center to national
highway.
District roads-
• These roads connect the production center and
market within the district and connects with main
highways.
Urban roads-
• Urban roads are road serving within municipality.