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7ECG

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8 views25 pages

7ECG

Uploaded by

anu
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ELECTROCARDIO

GRAM
The Cardiac conduction system
and
ElectricalECG
activity of the heart recorded in the form of ECG

ECG is a composite recording of all the action potentials


produced by the nodes and the cells of the myocardium.

Each segment in ECG corresponds to electrical activity in the


cardiac cycle.
ECG Waveform
The cardiac
conduction
system
ECG Waveform explained
P-wave

● When atria is full of blood, SA node


fires and cause atrial walls to
depolarize.
● Atrial contraction starts 100 ms
after the start of P-wave
● duration: 110 ms;
● amplitude: 0.25 mV;
ECG Waveform explained
PR Segment

It indicates the time delay between SA


node excitation to reach the AV node.

duration: 120−200 ms
ECG Waveform explained
QRS Complex

It indicates the firing of AV node. It


represents ventricular depolarization.
● Q - depolarization of ventricular septum
● R - depolarization of main mass of ventricles
● S - last phase of depolarization of base of
heart.

Atrial repolarization occurs simultaneously but


obscured by larger QRS complex.

duration of QRS complex: 100 ms or less


ECG Waveform explained
ST Segment

It is here the ventricles contract and


pumps blood.

Duration is 320 ms.

T-wave

Ventricular repolarization, It will be


followed by ventricular relaxation or
diastole.

Duration 160 ms.


ECG - Slow animation
ECG Machine and the Lead
System
ECG Machine and electrodes
● Electrical activity of the heart can be picked up by the electrodes
from the body surface.
● ECG machine record these activities and displays them graphically
● The graph shows time variation of overall potential during cardiac
cycle

LEADs in the context of ECG machine is not the lead-wire connected to


electrodes, but the configuration by which potential is measured.

There are various LEAD systems for ECG measurements.


Electrode Placement
● Four on the limbs
● Six on the chest
Lead system
Six limb lead system Six chest lead system
Limb Lead System
Sees heart in a vertical plane

In all the lead systems, RL serves


as common ground.

Leads - I, II, II : Bipolar :Measurement of


voltage is between two electrodes. (RA, LA
or LL)

Leads - avF, aVL, aVR - Unipolar


Augmented: One electrode is positive, the
average of voltage from other two is
negative
Limb Lead System
Lead I - voltage between
RA(negative electrode) and
LA(positive electrode)

Lead II - voltage between


RA(negative electrode) and
LL(positive electrode)

Lead III - voltage between


LA(negative electrode) and
LL(positive electrode)
Limb Lead System
Lead avF - voltage between
LL(positive electrode) average of
RA and LA (negative electrode)

Lead aVL - voltage between


LA(positive electrode) average of
RA and LL(negative electrode)

Lead aVR - voltage between


RA(positive electrode) average of
LA and LL(negative electrode)
Chest Lead System (Precordial
Leads)
● Views heart in a horizontal plane
● Unipolar leads
● Each chest electrode as positive
pole and average of three limb
electrode serve as negative pole.

Depolarization of a wave towards a


lead - positive deflection.

Depolarization away from a lead -


negative deflection.
Einthoven’s Triangle
● Einthoven's triangle is an imaginary formation of three limb leads in
a triangle.
● It is formed by right arm, left arm and the left leg
● Shape of an equilateral triangle with heart at the centre
● It is named after Willem Einthoven, who theorized its existence.

Einthoven used these measuring points, by immersing the hands and


foot in pails of salt water, as the contacts for his string galvanometer,
the first practical ECG machine.
Einthoven’s Triangle
Einthoven's law

if electrocardiograms are taken


simultaneously with the three limb
leads, at any given instant the potential
in lead II is equal to the sum of the
potentials in leads I and III.
ECG Machine Block Diagram
ECG
Machine
Block
Diagram
ECG Machine- Description
1. The potentials picked up by the patient electrodes are taken to the
lead selector switch
2. The signal is then given to the preamplifier
3. A preamplifier (preamp), or control amplifier, is an electronic
amplifier which prepares an electronic signal for further
amplification or processing. It is usually a 3 or 4 stage differential
amplifier.
4. The amplified O/P is then given to the power amplifier
ECG Machine- Description
5. The O/P of the power amplifier is fed to the pen motor which
deflects the writing arm of the paper
6. Frequency selective network is an R-C network, which provides
necessary damping of the pen
7. The auxiliary circuits provide a 1 mV calibration signal and
automatic blocking of the amplifier during change in the position of
the lead switch
8. It also include a speed control circuit for the chart driver motor
References
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RYZ4daFwMa8&t=14s (ECG
Explained)
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwLbSx9BNbU&list=PLJIs8ZcKX
HUwdmQl1hxgtiTrKS1mOoVSi&index=11
(12 lead ECG)
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocardiography (ECG - english
wikipedia)
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einthoven%27s_triangle (Einthoven’s
Triangle)
5. Biomedical Instrumentation by R. S Khandpur and Raghbir Khandpur
THANKY
OU

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