WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

CET 05115

INTAKES

Lecture 05

Prepared by: TIMOTH, M. D.

 Components of Water Supply

Water
Pump Treatment Plant Tank
source Consumer
 INTAKES FOR COLLECTING SURFACE WATER
• The main function of the intakes works is to collect
water from the surface source and then discharge water
so collected, by means of pumps or directly to the
treatment plant.
• Water Intakes are structures which essentially consists
of opening, grating or strainer through which the raw
water from river, canal or reservoir enters and carried to
the sump well by means of conducts water from the
sump well is pumped through the rising mains to the
treatment plant.
 COMPARISON OF WATER SOURCES
Table 2.1: Advantages and disadvantages of surface and groundwater

Criteria Mountain/ River Surface Shallow Deep

stream/ reservoir Aquifer Aquifer
spring
Availability of * * * * *
water
Vulnerability Low/ High High Low Low
to pollution medium

Vulnerability Medium High medium Medium Low

to drought

Capital costs Medium Medium High Low Medium

Oper. & Maint. Low High High Medium Medium

Costs

* Depends on climate and hydrogeology

 SELECTION OF SITE FOR INTAKE
1. Where the best quality of water available
so that water is purified economically in
less time.
2. At site there should not be heavy current
of water, which may damage the intake
structure.
3. The intake can draw sufficient quantity of
water even in the worst condition, when
the discharge of the source is minimum.
4. The site of the work should be easily
approachable without any obstruction
 SELECTION OF SITE FOR INTAKE
5. The site should not be located in navigation
channels
6. As per as possible the intake should be near the
treatment plant so that conveyance cost is reduced
from source to the water works
7. As per as possible the intake should not be located
in the vicinity of the point of sewage disposal for
avoiding the pollution of water.
8. At the site sufficient quantity should be available
for the future expansion of the water-works.
 TYPES OF INTAKE STRUCTURES
Depending upon the source of water the intake works
are classified as following

1. Lake Intake
2. Reservoir Intake
3. River Intake
4. Canal Intake
 LAKE INTAKE
• For obtaining water from lakes mostly submersible
intakes are used.
• These intakes are constructed in the bed of the lake
below the water level; so as to draw water in dry season
also. These intakes have so many advantages such as no
obstruction to the navigation, no danger from the
floating bodies and no trouble due to ice.
• As these intakes draw small quantity of water, these are
not used in big water supply schemes or on rivers or
reservoirs.
• The main reason being that they are not easily
approachable for maintenance.
LAKE INTAKE
 RIVER INTAKE
• Water from the rivers is always drawn from the
upstream side, because it is free from the
contamination caused by the disposal of sewage
in it. It is circular masonary tower of 4 to 7 m in
diameter constructed along the bank of the river
at such place from where required quantity of
water can be obtained even in the dry period.
The water enters in the lower portion of the
intake known as sump well from penstocks.
 RIVER INTAKE
River intake must be in a river position where sedimentation
is unlikely to occur.
also it must be located at place, which will not erode easily

SEDIMENTATION PRONE ZONE

EROSION PRONE ZONE

POSSIBLE INTAKE SITE

SETTLEMENT

Flow direction
RIVER INTAKE
 RIVER INTAKE
PUMP HOUSE

PUMP

HIGHEST WATER
LEVEL
SUCTION PIPE
LOWEST WATER LEVEL
7M MAXIMUM
SECTION HEAD

STRAINER

The intake should be:

 deep enough to avoid being above the minimum recorded river level
not too low to capture the bottom sediments
The suction head should be controlled to be below 7m and
 the pump must be above the maximum water level of that particular stream.
 RIVER INTAKE

TRASH RACK (IRON BARS@ 2CM C.C.)

HIGHEST W.L.

(DETAIL NOT TO SCALE) LOWEST W.L.

CROSS- SECTIONAL VIEW OF LATERAL INTAKE

 RESERVOIR INTAKE
• It consists of an intake well, which is placed near
the dam and connected to the top of dam by foot
bridge.
• The intake pipes are located at different levels with
common vertical pipe. The valves of intake pipes
are operated from the top and they are installed in
a valve room.
• Each intake pipe is provided with bell mouth entry
with perforations of fine screen on its surface. The
outlet pipe is taken out through the body of dam.
The outlet pipe should be suitably supported.
 RESERVOIR INTAKE
• The location of intake pipes at different levels
ensures supply of water from a level lower than
the surface level of water.
• When the valve of an intake pipe is opened the
water is drawn off from the reservoir to the
outlet pipe through the common vertical pipe.
• To reach up to the bottom of intake from the
floor of valve room, the steps should be
provided in Zigzag manner
RESERVOIR INTAKE
 CANAL INTAKE
• A intake chamber is constructed in the canal section. This
results in the reduction of water way which increases the
velocity of flow. It therefore becomes necessary to provide
pitching on the downstream and upstream portion of canal
intake.
• The entry of water in the intake chamber takes through
coarse screen and the top of outlet pipe is provided with
fine screen. The inlet to outlet pipe is of bell-mouth shape
with perforations of the fine screen on its surface. The
outlet valve is operated from the top and it controls the
entry of water into the outlet pipe from where it is taken to
the treatment plant.
CANAL INTAKE
 SPECIAL INTAKES
Simple strainer and tripod intake
• For small streams where the
discharges are not varying too much
a simple intake consisting of a
strainer and a tripod can be installed
• The strainer forms the beginning of
the suction pipe of the pump while a
tripod encompasses the strainer
 Strainer and tripod intake
HWL

LWL STRAINER WITH

OPENINGS OF AREA
SECTIONAL AREA OF PIPE

STONES
AROUND POLES FORMING TRIPOD
STRAINER
 SPECIAL INTAKES-continue
Weir Intake
• Where a stream water level is low and
has to be raised in order to form an
intake then a weir would be most ideal
• The weir may have a gate to regulate
the height of the water, a stilling basin
to dissipate the energy and cut-off wall
to prevent damage by under scouring
 Typical Weir Intake
TRASH RACK (IRON BARS@ 2CM
C.C.)
HIGHEST W.L.

(DETAIL NOT TO LOWEST W.L.

SCALE)

CROSS- SECTIONAL VIEW OF LATERAL INTAKE

TREATMENT/
STORAGE TO
DISTRIBUTION
LATERAL
INTAKE

W.O
INTAKE PIPE

WATER GATE

STILLING BASIN
MAXIMUM W.L. (DETAIL NOT TO SCALE)
GATE TO REGULATE
MINIMUM W.L. WATER HEIGHT Q

FIXED WEIR

STILLING BASIN