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15 views

Sci Chapter 3

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krishbhavsar69
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 3

METALS AND NON-METALS


PERIODIC TABLE
ELEMENTS

Elements
(118)

Non-metal
Metal (91) Metalloid (7)
(20)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS

• Lustrous (Exception: Lead) • Solid (Mercury is liquid metal)


• Ductile (Gold is most ductile) • Heavy in weight (Exception:
• Malleable (Gold is most Na, K are light weight metals
malleable) which can float on water)

• Sonorous • High melting point (Exception:


Gallium can melt easily)
• Rigid (Exception: Na, K are so
soft metals which can be cut by • Good conductor of heat and
knife ) electricity (Silver is best
conductor)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NON-METALS

• Not Lustrous (Exception: metal)


Iodine) • Light in weight
• Not Ductile • Low melting point
• Not Malleable • Poor conductor of heat and
• Not Sonorous electricity (Exception:
• Brittle (Exception: Diamond) Graphite)

• Gas (Bromine is liquid non-


ADDITIONAL PROPERTIES OF METALS

• All metals have tendency to loose electron


• After loosing electron they form positive ion
• Positive ions are known as cation
• Example: Na+, Mg2+, Al3+
ADDITIONAL PROPERTIES OF NON-
METALS

• All non-metals have tendency to gain electron


• After gaining electron they form negative ion
• Negative ions are known as anion
• Example: Cl-, O2-, N3-
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS

• Metal + Oxygen  Metal oxides


• Metal + Water  Metal oxide + Hydrogen
• Metal + Acid  Salt + Hydrogen
• Metal + Salt solution of Metal  Displacement
reaction
• Metal + Non-metal  Ionic compound
METAL + OXYGEN  METAL OXIDE

• Na, K vigorously react with O2


• Mg, Al, Zn, Pb creates thin layer of oxide on
surface which prevents further oxidation
• 2Cu + O2  2CuO
• 4Al + 3O2  2Al2O3
• Metal oxides are basic in nature
NOTE:

• Oxides of Al and Zn are amphoteric (can react with


both acid and base)
• Al2O3 + 6HCl  2AlCl3 + 3H2O
• Al2O3 + 2NaOH  2NaAlO2 + H2O
NOTE:

• Most metal oxides are insoluble in water


• But oxides of K and Na can dissolve in water to
form metal hydroxides
• Na2O(s) + H2O(l)  2NaOH(aq)
• K2O(s) + H2O(l)  2KOH(aq)
ANODISING

• Process of forming thick layer of aluminium oxide on


utensils of aluminium to protect the from corrosion
• In this process aluminium is taken as anode in any
electrolysis with sulphuric acid as electrolyte
• Oxygen generated at anode during electrolysis reacts
with aluminium to form thick layer of aluminium oxide
METAL + WATER  METAL OXIDE +
HYDROGEN

• Highly reactive metals + Cold water


• Examples: Na, K, Ca
• Moderately reactive metals + Hot water
• Example: Mg
• Less reactive metals + Water vapour
• Examples: Al, Fe, Zn
HIGHLY REACTIVE METALS + COLD WATER

• Two stage reaction


• Metal + Cold water  Metal oxide + Hydrogen
• Metal Oxide + Water  Metal hydroxide + Heat
energy
• 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l)  2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) + Heat energy
• 2K(s) + 2H2O(l)  2KOH(aq) + H2(g) + Heat energy
• Ca(s) + 2H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
MODERATELY REACTIVE METALS + HOT WATER

• Two stage reaction


• Metal + Hot water  Metal oxide + Hydrogen
• Metal Oxide + Water  Metal hydroxide
• Mg(s) + 2H2O(l)  Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
LESS REACTIVE METAL + WATER VAPOUR

• Metal + Water vapour  Metal oxide + Hydrogen


• 2Al(s) + 3H2O(g)  Al2O3(s) + 3H2(g)
• 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g)  Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)
METAL + ACID  SALT + HYDROGEN

• Zn + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2
NOTE:

• Metal + Nitric acid  Metal nitrate + Nitrogen oxide + Water


• Zn + 4HNO3  Zn(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
• Fe + 4HNO3  Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O

• HNO3 is very strong oxidizing agent

• When any metal (Except Mg and Mn) reacts with HNO3 it will
oxidizes H2 into H2O and it self reduces to nitrogen oxide
(N2O, NO, NO2)
AQUA REGIA (ROYAL WATER)

• Fuming liquid which is mixture of concentrated HCl


and Concentrated HNO3 in ratio 3:1
• Used to dissolve non reactive metals like gold and
platinum
METAL + SALT SOLUTION OF METAL 
DISPLACEMENT
REACTIVITY SERIES

• K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > [H] > Cu
> Hg > Ag > Au > Pt
• Potassium > Sodium > Calcium > Magnesium >
Aluminium > Zinc > Iron > Lead > Hydrogen >
Copper > Mercury > Silver > Gold > Platinum
• Please Send Camel Monkey And Zebra In Large
Hidden Containers With More Solid Ghost Painted
METAL + NON-METAL  IONIC
COMPOUND

• 2Na + Cl2  2NaCl


• 2Ca + O2  2CaO
PROPERTIES OF IONIC(ELECTROVALENT) COMPOUND

• Physical nature: Solid but brittle


• Melting and Boiling points: High
• Solubility: Soluble in water but insoluble in kerosene
and petrol
• Conduction of electricity: Can not conduct electricity
in solid state but can conduct electricity in their
aqueous solution because of formation of ions
OCCURRENCE OF METALS

• Elements or compounds, which occur naturally in


the earth’s crust, are known as minerals
• If minerals contain a very high percentage of a
particular metal the metal can be profitably
extracted from it then these minerals are called
ores.
ORES
ORES

• Non reactive metals are found in free state (Ag, Au,


Pt)
• Less reactive metals are found in their sulphide or
oxide ores (Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu, Hg)
• Reactive metals are found in their carbonate,
sulphide or oxide ores (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al)
METALLURGY

• The process of separating metal from ore and purifying it is


called Metallurgy
• Powder from ore
• Concentration of ore
• Roasting OR Calcination
• Reduction
• Refining of metal
POWDERING OF ORE

• Ores are extracted from the earth’s crust by


mining in the form of large rocks
• They are crushed and converted into powder
CONCENTRATION OF ORE

• Ores contain many impurities like clay, silica, silt,


minerals of other metals etc.
• These impurities are called gangue
• Different separation methods are used to enrich
the ore
ROASTING OR CALCINATION

• Sulphide ores are heated in presence of excess air


to form metal oxides. This is known as Roasting.
• Carbonate ores are heated in absence of air to
form metal oxides. This is known as calcination.
ROASTING
CALCINATION
REDUCTION

• Metal oxides obtained after calcination or roasting


are reduced using reducing agents like carbon or
aluminium
• Metal oxides are heated in presence of carbon or
aluminium to reduce them
REDUCTION USING CARBON
REDUCTION USING ALUMINIUM
REFINING OF METALS

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