REPRODUCTION

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The production of new organism form the already
existing organism of the same species is known as
Reproduction.

- The process of reproduction ensures continuity of life on

earth.
- Reproduction is essential for the survival of a species on
this earth.

- The production of a new organism from a single parent

without the involvement of sex cells (or gametes) is
called asexual reproduction.

- The production of a new organism from two parents by

making use of their Sex cells (or gametes) is called
Sexual reproduction.

Ques - Differentiate between Asexual Reproduction and

Sexual Reproduction.
- In this process of fission, a unicellular organism
splits or divides into two or more new organism.
- The breaking up of the body of a simple organism into
two or more pieces on maturing, each of which
subsequently grows to form a complete new organism, is
called fragmentation.

- Example – Spirogyra
 +

Fig. Fragmentation in Real photo of Fragmentation

Spirogyra in Spirogyra

The process of getting back a full organism from its body

parts is called Regeneration.

Example - Hydra and Planaria

 Real photo of
Planaria

- In budding, a small part of the body of the parent

organism grows out as a 'bud' which then detaches and
becomes a new organism.

- Example - Hydra
 Real photo of budding in
Hydra

 The parent plant produces hundred of microscopic

reproductive units called 'spores'. When the spore case of
the plant bursts, then the spores spread into air. When
these air-borne spores land on food (or soil) under
favourable conditions (like damp and warm conditions),
they germinate and produce new plants.

 Example - Rhizopus

Real photo of Spore Formation in

Rhizopus
 In Vegetative propagation, new plants are obtained from
the parts of old plants (like Stem, roots and leaves)
without the help of any Reproductive organs.
 Sexual Reproduction involves the fusion of gametes or sex
cells resulting in the formation of zygote

 Due to the fusion of gametes, the chances of

variations are very high during sexual reproduction

Ques - What is the advantage of Sexual reproduction?

Ans – Sexual reproduction results in genetic variation

which ultimately leads to evolution of new
species.

The Sex Organs (or reproductive organs) of a plant are

in its flowers.
 It is the male reproductive part of the
flower.
 It is composed of two parts - Anther and
Filament.
 Stamen produces pollen grains that are yellow in
colour.

 It is the female reproductive part of the

flower.
 It is composed of three parts - Ovary, Style and
Stigma.
 Ovary : The swollen bottom
part
 Style :

Middle elongated
 Stigma

part Terminal sticky

:
part

 The green, leaf-like parts of the flower are

called Sepals.

 Its function is to protect the flower in its initial

stages.

 The colourful parts of a flower are called

Petals.
 Its function of petals is to attract insects for
pollination and to protect the reproductive
organs.

Real photo of parts of

Flower

 Contains either Stamens or

 Pistil Example - Papaya,
Watermelon

 Contains both Stamens and

 Pistil Example - Hibiscus,
Mustard
The transfer of pollen grains from anther of a stamen to
the stigma of a carpel is called pollination.

- Pollination can be of two types:

 The pollen grains from the anther

of a to the Stigma of the
flower are transferred
same flower (or another flower of the same
plant)
 The pollen grains from the anther
of are transferred to the Stigma
a flower on one plant
of a flower of another similar plant.

Fertilization occurs when the male gamete present in the

pollen grain joins with the female gamete (or egg) present
in ovule.
 Easy Diagram of
Ovary

Both Diagrams are of same thing

but Left Diagram is of NCERT book
And the Right Diagram is easy to
understand
 Complete process of Reproduction in
Flower Just in one Diagram

 After fertilization, the zygote divides several times to

form an embryo within the ovule.

 The ovule develops a tough coat and is converted into

Seed.
 The ovary grows rapidly and ripens to form a form of
Fruit.

 The Seed contains the future plant which develops

into a Seedling.

 The radicle grows to form the root.

 Plumule grows upward to form the shoot.

 Cotyledon contains stored food that helps radicle

and plumule to grow.
  The age at which the Sex hormone and gametes begin
to be produces and the Boy and Girl become sexually
mature is called Puberty.

 In males, after Puberty, testes starts producing sperms

and the Male sex hormone called Testosterone.

 In females, after puberty, ovaries starts producing Ova

(or eggs) and Female sex hormone, Estrogen.

 Male and female also starts developing secondary

sexual characters.

Secondary Sexual characters in Male :

a. Hair grow in Armpits, Pubic regions, Chest

and Face
b. Body becomes muscular.
c. The voice deepens.
d. Chest and Shoulders broaden.

Secondary Sexual characters in Female :

a. Hair grow in Armpits and Pubic regions.

b. Mammary glands develop and enlarge.
c. Hips broaden.
d. Fallopian tube, uterus and Vagina enlarge.
 The male reproductive system consists of portions
which perform two major functions-

- Produce sperms – Testes

- Deliver sperms to the site of fertilization - All the

rest (Vas deferens, Seminal Vesicle, Prostrate)

 It is primary reproductive organ in

male.
  It is located outside the abdominal cavity in
scrotum because sperm formation requires a lower
temperature than the normal body temperature.

Functions of Testes –

 Formation of Sperms.
 Secretion of
testosterone.

 Vas deferens delivers sperms from testes to

urethra.

 Both of these gland add fluid secretions to the

sperms which makes the transport of sperms easier
and provides nutrition.
 Forms a common passage for both Sperms and
Urine.
Human Body: Reproductive
System
The male and female reproductive systems are controlled by
hormones produced by the pituitary gland in the brain, and the
reproductive organs themselves.
Brai The Reproductive Organs
n
These organs make, mature, and store gametes, or
sex cells, in the human body. The male gametes are
called sperm and female gametes are called ova or
egg cells. Each gamete contributes half of an
hypothalam
offspring’s DNA, providing genetic variation through
us
sexual reproduction.
Male reproductive system
Pituitary Sperm is made in the seminiferous tubules and
spina gland
l stored in the epididymis. It travels through the vas
cord deferens, where it mixes with seminal fluids and
passes through the urethra.
infundibulu
m ureter
anteri posteri
or or s
pituita pituita vas
ry ry
deferens epididym
Pituitary Gland bladd
is
er
The pituitary gland secretes head
hormones that control the
reproductive organs. prostat
It signals the production of e
sex hormones and controls
urethr
ovulation and the menstrual
cycle in women. a
penis

testi
epididym
s is body
seminiferous tubules
epididymis
tail
Female reproductive system
Immature eggs are found in the ovaries where they Developing
mature and are released into the fallopian tubes. An Ovarian
egg travels down the tube to the uterus, where it either Follicle
implants and develops into an embryo or is shed with
the lining of the uterus at the end of a menstrual cycle.
fallopian
tubes

ovar ovar
y y matur
e egg
uteru
s
vagin
a

© 2017 Carolina Biological Supply

Company
 It is the primary reproductive organ in female. It
performs two major functions

 Production of - Egg/ Ovum.

 Secretion of Estrogen and Progesterone

 One egg is produced every month by ovaries.

 It is the primary reproductive organ in female. It
performs two major functions

 It acts as a site of fertilization.

 The Oviducts unite into an elastic - bag like

structure known as the uterus.

 Uterus opens into the vagina through cervix.

 It receives sperms from male partner, serves as a

Birth Canal.

 Uterus is connected to vagina through a narrow

opening called Cervix.
- The sperms enter through the vaginal passage during
sexual intercourse.

- They travel upwards and reach the oviduct where they

may encounter egg.

- The fertilized egg (zygote) starts diving to form a ball

of cells or embryo.

- The embryo is implanted in the lining of the uterus

where they continue to grow and develop organs to
become foetus.

- The embryo gets nutrition from the mother's blood with

the help of a special tissue called Placenta.

- The development of the child inside the mother's body

takes approximately nine months (Gestation period). The
child is born as a result of rhythmic contractions of the
muscle in the uterus.
- Every month, Ovary releases one egg and uterus
prepares itself to receive the fertilised egg by
developing thick, spongy lining.

- If fertilisation doesn't take place, egg along with the

uterus lining breaks down and comes out through
vagina as blood and mucus.

- This cycle takes place roughly every month and is

known as Mensuration.

- It lasts for about 2-8 days.

- Diseases which are spread by sexual contact with an

infected person are called Sexually Transmitted Diseases
(STD).

- Common STD are:

 Gonorrhoe
a
 Syphill Caused by
s Bacteria

 AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Caused

Syndrome) Virus by
 The prevention of pregnancy in Women is called
Contraception.

Condoms
Advantage It helps in the prevention of
: STD

Oral pills

Disadvantage It changes hormonal balance which

: can cause side effects.

Copper -
T
Disadvantag Can cause irritation of
e: uterus.

Vasectom Tubectom
y y
Blocking of Vas deferens in Blocking of fallopian tube in
male females.
- Surgical methods are safe in the long run but surgery itself
can cause infections if not performed properly.