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HS 101 Lecture 2

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3 views

HS 101 Lecture 2

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sk3180833641
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GENERAL ANATOMY

(Lecture # 2)

Contains:
Commonly used terminology in Anatomy.
By
DR Aymen Tahir
TERMS OF RELATION
1) Anterior --- Towards Front.
2) Posterior --- Towards Back.
3) Superior --- Towards Head.
4) Inferior --- Towards Feet.
5) Medial --- Towards Median Plane.
6) Lateral --- Away from Median Plane.
7) Ventral --- Towards Belly.
8) Dorsal --- Towards Back.
9) Cranial or Rostral --- Towards Head.
10) Caudal --- Towards Tail.
TERMS FOR LIMBS
1) Proximal --- Nearer to trunk.
2) Distal --- Away from trunk.
3) Radial --- Outer border in upper limb.
4) Ulnar --- Inner border in upper limb.
5) Tibial --- Inner border in lower limb.
6) Fibular --- Outer border in lower limb.
7) Postaxial Border --- Inner border in upper limb & outer border
in lower limb.
8) Flexor Surface --- Anterior surface of upper limb & posterior
surface of lower limb.
9) Extensor Surface --- Posterior surface of upper limb & anterior
surface of lower limb.
10) Palmer or Volar --- Pertaining to palm of hand.
11) Planter --- Pertaining to sole of foot.
OTHER TERMS
A) For hollow Organs:
1) Interior means Inner.
2) Exterior means Outer.
3) Invagination means Inward Protrusion.
4) Evagination means Outward Protrusion.

B) For solid Organs:


5) Superficial means towards surface.
6) Deep means Inner to the surface.

C) Indication of Side:
7) Ipsilateral means of the same side.
8) Contralateral means of opposite side.
D) For Muscles:
1) Origin means fixed end of muscle during contraction.
2) Insertion means moving end of muscle during contraction.
3) Belly means fleshy or contractile part of muscle.
4) Tendon means fibrous, cord like non contractile part of muscle for attachment of
the muscle.
5) Apponeurosis means flattened tendon.

E) For circulatory Vessels:


6) Arteries means blood vessels going away from heart.
7) Veins means blood vessels coming towards heart.
8) Arterioles means small pre capillary part of artery.
9) Venules means small post capillary part of vein.
10) Capillaries means network of microscopic vessels connecting arterioles to
venules.
11) Anastomosis means precapillary or portcapillary communication between
neighboring vessels
12) Lymphatic means vessel carry lymph.
Terms Used in Clincal Anatomy
• 1. The suffix, '-itis', means inflammation, e.g. appendicitis,
tonsillitis,
• arthritis, neuritis, dermatitis, etc.
• 2. The suffix, '-ectomy', means removal from the body, e.g.
• appendicectomy, tonsillectomy, gastrectomy, nephrectomy,
etc.
• 3. The suffix, '-otomy', means to open and then close a
hollow
• organ, e.g. laparotomy, hysterotomy, cystotomy,
cystolithotomy,
• etc.
• 4. The suffix, '-ostomy', means to open hollow organ and leave it
• open, e.g. cystostomy, colostomy, tracheostomy, etc.
• 5. The suffix, '-oma\ means a tumour, e.g. lipoma, osteoma,
• neurofibroma, haemangioma, carcinoma, etc.
• 6. Puberty: The age at which the secondary sexual characters
• develop, being 12-15 years in girls and 13-16 years in boys.
• 7. Symptoms are subjective complaints of the patient about his
• disease.
• 8. Signs (physical signs) are objective findings of the doctor on
• the patient.
• 9. Diagnosis: Identification of a disease, or determination of the
• nature of a disease.
• 10. Prognosis: Forecasting the probable course and ultimate outcome
• of a disease.
• 11. Pyrexia: Fever.
• 12. Lesion: Injury, or a circumscribed pathologic change in the
• tissues.
• 13. Inflammation is the local reaction of the tissues to an injury or
• an abnormal stimulation caused by a physical, chemical, or biologic
• agent. It is characterized by: (a) Swelling; (b) pain; (c) redness;
• (d) warmth of heat; and (e) loss of function.
• 14. Oedema: Swelling due to accumulation of fluid in the extracellular
• space.
• 15. Thrombosis: Intravascular coagulation (solidification) of blood.
• 16. Embolism: Occlusion of a vessel by a detached and circulating
• thrombus (embolus).
• 17. Haemorrhage: Bleeding which may be external or internal.
• 18. Ulcer: A localized breach (gap, erosion) in the surface continuity
• of the skin or mucous membrane.
• Gangrene: A form of necrosis (death) combined with
• putrefaction.
• 24. Infarction: Death (necrosis) of a tissue due to sudden obstruction
• of its artery of supply (often an end-artery).
• 25. Atrophy: Diminution in the size of cells, tissue, organ, or a part
• due to loss of its nutrition.
• 26. Dystrophy: Diminution in the size due to defective nutrition.
• 27. Hypertrophy: Increase in the size without any increase in the
• number of cells.
• 28. Hyperplasia: Increase in the size due to increase in the number
• of cells.
• 29. Hypoplasia: Incomplete development.
• 30. Aplasia: Failure of development.
• 31. Syndrome: A group of diverse symptoms and signs constituting
• together the picture of a disease.
• 32. Paralysis: Loss of motor power (movement) of a part of body
• due to denervation or primary disease of the muscles.
• 33. Hemiplegia: Paralysis of one-half of the body.
• 34. Paraplegia: Paralysis of both the lower limbs.
• 35. Monoplegia: Paralysis of any one limb.
• 36. Quadriplegia: Paralysis of all the four limbs.
• 37. Anaesthesia: Loss of the touch sensibility.
• 38. Analgesia: Loss of the pain sensibility.
• 39. Thermanaesthesia: Loss of the temperature sensibility.
• 40. Hyperaesthesia: Abnormally increased sensibility.
• 41. Paraesthesia: Perverted feeling of sensations.
• 42. Coma: Deep unconsciousness.
• 43. Tumour (neoplasm): A circumscribed, noninflammatory,
• abnormal growth arising from the body tissues.
• 44. Benign: Mild illness or growth which does not endanger life.

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