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Computer Control in NC

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Slamet Arifin
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3 views

Computer Control in NC

Uploaded by

Slamet Arifin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The evolution of NC technology has been closely related to and dependent on the

development of computer technology. As a practical matter, it would not be possible to


carry out the part programming function for many part design without computer assisted
part programming. In addition, the computer is being used to refine and improve the NC
part programming procedure through such technologies as interactive graphics and voice
programming.
Computer NC involves the replacement of the conventional hard-wired NC controller unit
by a small computer (minicomputer or microcomputer The small computer is used to
perform some or all of the basic NC function by program stored in its read/write memory.

PROBLEMS WITH CONVENTIONAL NC


1. Part programming mistakes
2. Nonoptimal speed and feeds
3. Punched tape
4. Tape reader
5. Controller
6. Management information
These three NC related control topics, that next discuss :
1. Computer Numerical Control (CNC)
2. Direct Numerical Control (DNC)
3. Adaptive Control

COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL


CNC is an NC system that utilizes a dedicated, stored program computer to perform some
or all of the basic NC functions. Because of the trend toward downsizing in computer, most
of the CNC systems sold today use a microcoputer based controller unit. Over the years,
minicoputer have also been used in CNC controls.
The external appearance of a CNC machne is very simillar to that of a conventional NC
machine. Part program are initially entered in simillar manner. Punced tape reader Are still
the common device to input the part program into the system. However, with conventional
NC, the punched tape is cycled through the reader for every workpiece in the batch. With
NC, the program is entered once and the stored in the computer memory.Thus the tape
reader is used only for the original loading of the part program and data. Compared to
regular NC, CNC offers additional fexibility and computational capability. New system
option can be incorporated into the CNC controller simply by reprogramming the unit.
Because of this programming capacity, both in term of part programs and system control
option, CNC is often reffered to by term “soft-wired” NC.
Tape reader Minicomputer or Computer
for initial microcomputer (software hardware
program function and NC part interface and
entry program storage) servo system

GENERAL CONFIGURATION OF CNC SYSTEM

1. Machine tool control


2. In-process compensation
Function of CNC
3. Improved programming and operating features
4. Diagnostic
Advantages of CNC :
1. The part program tape and tape reader are used only once
2. Tape editing at the machine site
3. Metric conversion
4. Greater flexibility
5. User-written program
6. Total manufacturing system
DIRECT NUMERICAL CONTROL

DNC can be defined as a manufacture system in which a number of machines are


controlled by a computer through direct connection and in real time. The tape reader is
omitted in DNC, thus relieving the system of its least reliable component. Instead of
using the tape reader, the part program is transmitted to the machine tool directly from
the computer memory. In principle, one large computer can be used to control more than
100 separate machine. The DNC computer is designed to provide instructions to each
machine tool on demand. When the machine needs control command, they are
communicated to it immediately. DNC also involves data collection and processing from
the machine tool back to the computer

Central Bulk memory


computer NC programs
1. NC without punched tape
2. NC part program storage
Function of DNC
3. Data collection, processing, and reporting
4. Communication

Advantage of DNC

1. Elimination of punched tapes and tape readers


2. Greater computational capability and flexibility
3. Convenient storage of NC part programs in computer files
4. Program stored as CLFILE
5. Reporting of shop performance
6. Establishes the framework for the evolution of the future computer-
automated factory
ADAPTIVE CONTROL MACHINING SYSTEMS

Adaptive Control (abbreviated AC) machining originated out of research in the early
1960s sponsored by the US Air Force at the Bendix Research Laboratories. The initial
adaptive control system were based on analog control devices, representing the state of
technology at that time. Today, AC use microprocessor based control and it is typicaly
integrated with an existing CNC system.
For a machining operation, the term adaptive control denotes a control system that
measures certain output process variables and uses these to control speed and/or feed.
Some of the process variables that have been used in adaptive control machining
system include spindle deflection or force, torque, cutting temperatur, vibration
amplitude, and horsepower. In other word, nearly all the metal cutting variables that can
be measured have been tried in experimental adaptive control syste. The motivation for
developing an adaptive machining system lies in trying to operate the process more
efficiently. The typical measures of performance in machining have been metal removal
rate and cost per volume of metal removed.
Adaptive control (AC) is not apropriate for every machining situation. In general , the
following characteristics can be used to indentify situation where adaptive control
can be beneficially aplied :
1. The in-process time consumes a significant portion of the machining cycle time.
Mathias*) uses the rule of thumb that adaptive control can best be justified whwn the
cutter is engaged in the workpiece more than 40% of the time it is on the machine.
2. There are significant sources of variability in the job for which adaptive control can
compensate. In efect, AC adapts feed and/or speed to thse varianle condition.We
examine these source of variability in the following subsection.
3. The cost of operating the machine tool is high. The high operational cost results
mainly from the high investment in equipment.
4. The typical jobs are once involving steel, titanium, and high strengh alloys. Cast iron
aluminium are also attractive candidates for AC, but these materials are generally
easier to machine.

Sources of variabiliy, the more suitable the process will be for using AC :
1. Variable geometry of cut in the form of changing depth or width of cut
2. Variable workpiece hardness and variable machineability
3. Variable workpiece rigidity
4. Toolwear
5. Air gap during cutting
change depth
more hardness
Air gap
CONFIGURATION of TYPICAL ADAPTIVE CONTROL MACHINING SYSTEM THAT USES CUTTER
FORCE AS THE MEASURED PROCESS VARIABLE
Benefit of Adaptive Control Machining

1. Increased production rate 4. Less operator intervention


2. Increased tool life 5. Easier part programming
3. Greater part protection

COMPARISON of MACHINING TIME – NC versus AC

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