Week 11 - Human Development Post
Week 11 - Human Development Post
Development
PSY2001
Hannah Brazeau
1. Human Development
2. Physical Development
• Fetal Development
• Child Development
• Adolescent Development
3. Cognitive Development
Agenda • Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development
4. Social and Emotional Development
• Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
• Attachment Theory
• Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
5. Other Forms of Development
• Psychosexual Theory of Development
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Human Development
The pattern of change (growth and decline) in human capabilities.
• Begins at conception and continues throughout the life span.
Development involves:
• Physical development
• Cognitive development
• Social and Emotional Development
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Human Development
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Physical
Development
Fetal Development
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Fetal Development
This is not always a straight-forward process.
Teratogens: Any agent (e.g., heroin, alcohol, lead) that causes a birth
defect
• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
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Child Development
In childhood, the development of muscular coordination (i.e., motor
development) occurs.
Reflexes:
• Some persist throughout life (e.g., coughing, blinking, yawning) •
• Some weaken or disappear by 7 months (e.g., bradycardic
response, grasping, suck, stepping)
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Child Development
Newborns have about 100 billion neurons.
• Minimal Connections
• Myelin not fully formed
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Adolescent
Development
Adolescents experience puberty
• Primary sex characteristics: Changes
necessary for reproduction
• Secondary sex characteristics: Non-
essential reproductive changes.
Brain development
• Prefrontal cortex last to develop
• Impulse Control
• Personality
• Complex Planning and Decision
Making
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Cognitive
Development
Cognitive
Development
Jean Piaget proposed a theory of cognitive
development
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Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Schemas: Frameworks that organize information and allow for quick
interpretation.
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Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Assimilation Accommodation
Not a
Horse Woah!
Tail
Vary Look at
in
Size that dog!
Long
Four
Snout
Legs
Furry
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Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Children do not just “know less than adults” (a quantitative difference), their
cognitive abilities are less developed (a qualitative difference).
Concrete Formal
Sensorimotor Preoperational
Operational Operational
(0 - 2) (2 - 7)
(7 – 11) (11+)
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Sensorimotor Stage (0-2)
Infants coordinate sensory experiences with motor actions.
Object permanence is the knowledge that objects, and events, continue to exist
even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.
• Develops by 8 months of age.
https://youtu.be/rVqJacvywAQ
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Preoperational Stage (2-7)
The child begins to represent the world with words and images.
Words and images reflect increased symbolic thinking and go beyond the
connection of sensory information and physical action.
Egocentrism: https://youtu.be/RDJ0qJTLohM
Conservation: https://youtu.be/QxUxgPwpfgk?si=tM_1SUnn6ZHj9kLL
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Concrete Operational Stage (7-11)
The child can now reason logically about concrete events and classify objects
into different sets (Classification).
• Develop understanding of conservation, reversibility,
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Formal Operational Stage (11+)
Thinking becomes more idealistic, abstract, and logical.
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Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive
Development
Is Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, correct?
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RECOMMENDED BREAK
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Social and
Emotional
Development
Social and
Emotional
Development
Erik Erikson developed Psychosocial stages of
development.
Argued that children had an implicit goal to
separate one’s from their parents, forming
one’s own identity
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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
1. Trust vs. Mistrust (first year)
• From warm, responsive care, infants gain a sense of trust and confidence that the
world is good.
• Mistrust occurs when infants have to wait too long for comfort or are handled
harshly.
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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (emerging adulthood)
• Young people work on establishing intimate ties to others.
• Because of earlier disappointments, some individuals cannot form close
relationships and remain isolated.
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Identity
Marcia extended Erikson’s work and argued that:
• Our “tasks” during adolescents* is to develop our sense of “self” (our
identity).
• It is necessary to go through a crisis to emerge with a stronger identity.
Identity Status: Where we currently are with regard to establishing our sense of
identity.
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Identity Status
Identity Diffusion
• Person has not yet explored identity possibilities and has not yet made a
commitment to a specific identity.
Identity Foreclosure
• Person has made a commitment without adequately exploring other
possibilities.
Identity Moratorium
• Person is actively exploring various identity options and is holding off on
making a commitment.
Identity Achievement
• Person has explored various possibilities and has made an (educated) choice
about an identity to pursue.
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Social and Emotional
Development
Attachment is the close emotional bond
between an infant and its caregiver.
• Freud believed that infants become
attached to whoever feeds them
• Harlow (1958) tested Freud’s hypothesis
with monkeys.
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Social and
Emotional
Development
Attachment Theory was developed by
Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby.
John Bowlby :
Described the process of attachment in human
infants.
Mary Ainsworth :
Developed ideas of attachment and a
laboratory technique for measuring attachment
in infants
https://youtu.be/QTsewNrHUHU?si=2OmNFsEO7zT9ykbm
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Attachment Theory
Securely Attached:
• Parent is a secure base. When parent leaves, the child may cry but only because
they prefer parent to stranger. When parent returns, they actively seek contact
and crying ceases.
Avoidantly Attached:
• Infant is unresponsive to parent. When parent leaves, they are not distressed.
When parent returns, they are slow to greet and often fail to cling.
Anxiously Attached:
• Infant shows confused or contradictory behaviours. They cry when parent
leaves, but they continue to cry when parent returns while clinging and hitting
the parent.
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Attachment Theory
Children develop internal working models that influence their future
relationships.
• Early experiences and reactions become ‘working models’ for later adult
relationships
Attachment orientations are fairly stable across different relationships (with parents,
siblings, friends, significant others, etc.)
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Attachment Theory
Secure Attachment Orientation
• Person feel comfortable getting close to and relying on others.
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Attachment Theory
Shaver and Fraley (2004) developed a measure based on two dimensions of
attachment:
• Anxiety: Refers to one’s attitude to the self.
• Avoidance: Refers to one’s attitude to others.
Secure Anxious
Avoidant Disorganized
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Attachment Theory
http://www.web-research-design.net/cgi-bin/crq/crq.pl
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Attachment Theory
High Avoidance
https://www.luvze.com/attachment-sty
Low Avoidance les-at-hogwarts-love-in-harry-potters-
world/
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Quick Question..
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Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
Lawrence Kohlberg formulated a theory asserting that individuals progress through
six distinct stages of moral reasoning from infancy to adulthood.
He proposed three primary stages that each included two unique stages:
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Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
The Preconventional Stage
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Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
The Conventional Stage
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Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral
Development
The Postconventional Stage
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Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
Kohlberg believed that:
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Other Forms of
Development
Psychosexual
Theory of
Development
Sigmund Freud developed the Psychosexual Theory of
Development.
If oral needs are not met appropriately, the individual may develop habits such as:
• Thumb Sucking
• Fingernail Biting
• Pencil Chewing
• Overeating
• Smoking
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Psychosexual Theory of Development
Anal Stage
1 to 3 years
If parents insist before child is ready, or make too few demands, fixations with anal
stage may appear in the form of:
• Perfectionism, Orderliness and Cleanliness
• Creative, Messiness and Disorder
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Psychosexual Theory of Development
Phallic Stage
3 to 6 years
It is during this stage that we learn about genitalia (our own and that of others).
This stage is resolved if the child identifies with the same-sex parent.
Freud suggested that fixations at this point could lead to adult personalities that
are overly vain, exhibitionistic, and sexually aggressive.
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Psychosexual Theory of
Development
Latency Stage
6 to 11 years
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Psychosexual Theory of Development
Genital
During Adolescence
This is when a person develops a strong sexual interest towards a specific gender.
If development has been successful during the early stages, this stage leads to:
• mature sexuality
• Marriage
• family responsibilities
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HAVE A
FANTASTIC
DAY!