Week 12 - Personality Slides
Week 12 - Personality Slides
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Personality is the set of
psychological traits and
mechanisms within the individual
that are organized and relatively
enduring and that influence her or
his interactions with, and
adaptations to, the intrapsychic,
physical, and social environments.
(Larsen & Buss, 2014)
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PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY
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THE TRAIT APPROACH
One of the main areas of focus in Personality Psychology is the study of traits.
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THE TRAIT APPROACH
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THE TRAIT
APPROACH
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THE TRAIT APPROACH
The Lexical Approach uses language to determine the traits that are considered
important.
• Important personality characteristics should be reflected in the language that we
use to describe other people.
Begin with looking at dictionaries to determine the different traits in a language, but…
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THE TRAIT APPROACH
Q1
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The Statistical Approach uses statistics to Q10
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determine “important” traits. Q21
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This approach begins with several trait terms, and Q24
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This can help us identify the few main/core Q11
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personality traits. Q16
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THE TRAIT APPROACH
The Theoretical Approach uses a theory to determines the important traits, and how
we are going to classify personality.
Although solely based on theoretical underpinning, we can still use these traits to
describe the behaviour and thought patterns of people.
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THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS
The Big Five / The Five Factor Model /
O.C.E.A.N
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THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS
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THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS
Openness to Experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
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THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS
Honesty-Humility
• Higher Scores: Sincere, Honest, Faithful, Loyal, Modest
• Lower Scores: Sly, Deceitful, Greedy, Pretentious, Hypocritical, Boastful, Pompous
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MYERS-BRIGGS
ISTJ
• Quiet, serious, earn success by thoroughness and
dependability. Practical, matter-of-fact, realistic, and
responsible. Decide logically what should be done and work
toward it steadily, regardless of distractions. Take pleasure
in making everything orderly and organized - their work,
their home, their life. Value traditions and loyalty.
ENFP
• Warmly enthusiastic and imaginative. See life as full of
possibilities. Make connections between events and
information very quickly, and confidently proceed based on
the patterns they see. Want a lot of affirmation from others,
and readily give appreciation and support. Spontaneous
andBrazeau
Hannah flexible, often rely on their ability to improvise and their 15
verbal fluency.
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THE TRAIT APPROACH
https://bigfive-test.com/
https://www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/the-16-mbti-types.
htm
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THE TRAIT APPROACH
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THE TRAIT APPROACH
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PERSONALITY AND HEALTH
Personality has been shown to have a stable and cumulative effect health and longevity.
Why?
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PERSONALITY AND HEALTH
The relationship between Personality and Health may involve three processes.
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PERSONALITY AND HEALTH
McAdams and Donnellan (2009)
Interested in examining whether personality played a role in drinking behaviours of college students.
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PERSONALITY AND HEALTH
McAdams and Donnellan (2009)
• Neuroticism and Immoderation (tendency to overindulge) was positively associated with alcohol
use.
• Conscientiousness and Achievement Striving was negatively associated with alcohol use.
positively
Hannah Brazeauassociated with experiencing hangover symptoms and with experiencing drinking problems.
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PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL
RELATIONSHIPS
In children…
• Agreeableness and Extraversion are the best predictors of outcomes related to peer-
relations in children (e.g., peer acceptance and friendship).
• Low Agreeableness (greater Hostility) and Low Extraversion are associated with
being rejected by peers.
In young adults…
• Extraversion seems to be the most important predictor of popularity and status among
young adults.
• Relations between young adults and their parents (the older generation) are negatively
affected by the young adults’ high neuroticism, low conscientiousness, and low
extraversion.
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PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL
RELATIONSHIPS
In romantic relationships…
Interested in whether personality differences and different combinations of the Big Five traits
impact stress felt at work.
Recruited 211 middle-managers (88 men, 123 women) to fill out measures assessing:
• The Big Five Traits
• Coping Strategies
• Occupational Stress
• Job Satisfaction
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PERSONALITY AND WORK STRESS
Grant & Langan-Fox (2006)
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PERSONALITY AND ACADEMIC
ACHIEVEMENT
Barber, Munz, Bagsby and Grawitch (2009)
Recruited 255 University Students and evaluated their Time Perspective and Self-Control.
Time Perspective is an individual difference variable that reflect a cognitive bias toward a particular
temporal state.
• Present-Oriented Students tend to engage in more procrastination and focus on instant gratification.
• Future-Oriented Students are better able to relate their present behaviours to temporally-distant
standards (long-term goals).
Self-Control is the ability to adjust your dispositional tendencies to meet situational demands.
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PERSONALITY AND ACADEMIC
ACHIEVEMENT
Barber, Munz, Bagsby and Grawitch (2009)
The hypothesis is that Self-Control can act as a buffer between Time Perspective and Academic
Achievement.
There’s hope…
• Self-control is thought of as a skill that you can practice to increase self-regulation.
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THE THEORETICAL APPROACH
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PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY OF
PERSONALITY
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PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY OF
PERSONALITY
Within the different parts of the mind, there are “the three structures of personality”:
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PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY OF
PERSONALITY
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PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY OF
PERSONALITY
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PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY OF
PERSONALITY
The ego is constantly trying to decrease conflict between the superego and id.
Defense Mechanisms are procedures that the ego uses to unconsciously distort reality in order
to reduce anxiety.
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PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY OF
PERSONALITY
Defense Mechanisms:
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PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY OF
PERSONALITY
Defense Mechanisms:
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PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY OF
PERSONALITY
Defense Mechanisms:
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PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY OF
PERSONALITY
1. Dreams
• Manifest Content: What the dream is
• Latent Content: What the elements and symbols of the dream means
2. Free Association
• Allowing your mind to wonder wherever it would like during psychoanalysis
3. Projective Techniques
• Presented with ambiguous stimuli and asked to indicate what they see (e.g., Rorschach test)
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PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY OF
PERSONALITY
Criticisms of Freud
• He did not believe in the value of experimentation or hypothesis testing in establishing the
validity of psychoanalysis
• He relied on case studies of a select group of wealthy women to generate his theory of
human nature
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PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY OF
PERSONALITY
Although Freud have been criticized, he has made a major impact on psychology.
• Psychoanalysis and “talking therapy” is still used in psychotherapy to this day and is
associated with many benefits.
• He was one of the first to propose that childhood experiences impact adulthood—
specifically, traumatic experiences.
• He laid the foundation for psychology and several studies stem from his ideas.
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