HARVARD

REFERENCING
MADRASAH ALJUNIED AL-ISLAMIAH
IBDP
 What is referencing?

an acknowledgement of the sources of the information,

ideas, thoughts and data which you have used in your
work.
Required in three places:
1. In-text citation
2. Footnote
2. In the bibliography or list of references at the end of your
work
 WHY = Avoid Plagiarism

• the representation, intentionally or unintentionally, of the

ideas, words or work of another person without proper, clear
and explicit acknowledgment

• The EE / assignment is your work. If you do not acknowledge

your source, it is assumed that the idea is yours.
 When to Cite?

CITE NOT REQUIRED TO CITE

DIRECT QUOTATIONS – copying the exact Your own OBSERVATIONS, INSIGHTS, or
words (using quotation marks ‘ ‘) CONCLUSIONS about a subject

PARAPHRASED MATERIAL – others’ ideas COMMON KNOWLEDGE – common sense

re-expressed into your own words (in a observations, generally-accepted facts,
passage of similar length) folklore/ myths. Map information, well-
known historical dates/ events (but not
historical documents)
SUMMARISED MATERIAL – the entirety or
a significant passage of others’ ideas re-
expressed into a passage of shorter
length)
 Why citations and referencing?
• Respecting the work of others
• Acknowledgement to other writers and researchers that contribute to your
work

• Be transparent as to where your ideas and evidences are drawn from

• Enables readers to find your sources
• Verify the accuracy of your interpretation

• Strengthen your arguments by showing it is well-researched and draws the

authority of credible resources
• Able to recall resources for further research or if your research needs
verification
• A proof that you have engaged in background reading
• Avoids being penalised for academic dishonesty or plagiarism
 Different formats of Referencing

• Madrasah Aljunied uses Harvard referencing.

• Other referencing styles are APA, MLA and Chicago

 In-Text Citation

• An in-text citation is a reference made within the body of

text of an academic essay.
• The in-text citation alerts the reader to a source that has
informed your own writing.
 In-Text Citation - Method 1

• When presenting ideas or information from a source,

include the author’s surname and date of publication
in brackets within the text of your writing, e.g. These
skills need to be developed over time (Veit & Gould 2010).
No punctuation between author and date

(Veit & Gould 2010)

Authors Publication
date
 In-Text Citation - Method 2

• Where you refer to the author’s name in the body of

the text, include the date of publication in brackets,
e.g.
Young, Rudin-Brown and Lenne (2010) suggest increased
penalties and driver education as two possible strategies.

Publication
date
Young, Rudin-Brown and Lenne (2010)

Authors
 In-Text Citation - Method 3

• When quoting directly from the source include the

page number if available and place quotation marks
around the quote, e.g.
The World Health Organisation (2011, p. 8) defines driver
distraction ‘as when some kind of triggering event external to
the driver results in the driver shifting attention away from the
driving task’. Publication
date
World Health Organisation (2011, p. 8)

Author Page number

 Number of Authors
• Some books have more than 1 author, hence the method of
referencing should include all authors.

• Recent research indicates that the number of duplicate

papers being published is increasing (Arrami & Garner, 2008).
– 2 authors
• Recent research indicates that the number of duplicate
papers being published is increasing (Arrami, Garner &
Rogers, 2008). – 3 authors
• Recent research indicates that the number of duplicate
papers being published is increasing (Arrami et al, 2008). – 4
or more authors
 Exercise
• Do an in-text citation based on the following quote
There are scientists who are researching the past in order to
understand the future.
 Answer

• Cornish (2004) states that “there are scientists who are

researching the past in order to understand the future.”
• “There are scientists who are researching the past in order to
understand the future (Cornish 2004).”
 Quotations

Quotations are used when quoting the exact words from the original author’s
work. If your quotation is less than 30 words
• you can include it in the main body of your text.
• you need to put the quotation in quotation marks.
• do not italicise the quotation. E.g.:

In his pioneering work on referencing systems, Jones observed that “different

colleges in the University of London use different referencing systems” (Jones
2002:37).
 Quotations
If your quotation is more than 30 words,
• it as a separate paragraph. In this case, you should indent your text (on both the
right and left side of the page),
• use smaller fonts (if, for example, you’re using 12pt fonts, use 11pt for the
quotation).
• However, do not use quotation marks and italics. Note that in this case the
full stop comes before the brackets. E.g.:

In his famous article on referencing systems, Jones made the following

observations:

• Different University departments use different referencing systems. My research

suggests that departments within the Social Sciences tend to prefer the footnote
system. Arts and Humanities departments, on the other hand, seem to favour
the Harvard system. Language departments usually also prefer the latter. (Jones
2002:30)
 The Footnote System
• all your references should appear as footnotes and not as part of
the main text.
• These numbers usually appear as superscripts and correspond
with numbers placed at the bottom of the page, next to which
appears further information that is both necessary and
supplementary.
• Sometimes this information will come in the form of citations, but
sometimes it will simply present additional notes about the topic
at hand.
 Footnote Example
• Note that in footnotes the authors’ first name comes before
their surname.
• Also note that the footnote number always occurs after any
punctuation marks – such as this if it’s a comma,2 and like
this if it’s a full stop.3 If the footnote occurs in the middle of
the sentence4 it doesn’t really matter where it is inserted.
 Footnote Example
• The first time a reference occurs in a footnote you should
write it in full.

• If the same reference occurs consecutively, then you need to

write the word ‘ibid.’ in the footnote. (‘Ibid.’ is an abbreviation
of the Latin word ‘ibidem’ which means ‘in the same source
or place’.)
 Use of ibid.
• "Ibid." (the abbreviation for "ibidem", meaning "in the same
place") refers to the work cited in the preceding footnote or to
the preceding work within the same footnote. The term
should not be used when the preceding footnote includes
more than one source.
• "Ibid." is used when repeat footnote indicators are not used
and to replace those elements that are identical in the
preceding footnote or the preceding work within the same
footnote. It is never used solely to replace the name of an
author. When different works by the same author are cited in
consecutive footnotes, the author’s name is repeated in full
each time.
 Shortened references

• In documents and publications, once a reference has been given in full, a

shortened form can be used when the same source is cited again in non-
consecutive footnotes. The abbreviations "op. cit." and "loc. cit." are not
used.
• The shortened reference should include:
• Author’s last name, or, in the case of an organization as author, acronym
• Shortened version of title
• When the footnotes are widely separated, a cross reference to the original
footnote may also be included.
 Reference List or Bibliography
• Reference List - everything that you cite in your assignment.
• Bibliography - relevant items that you have used to help you prepare for the
assignment but which are not necessarily cited in your text, e.g. general
background reading to familiarise yourself with the topic.
• Placed at the end of your research paper.
• Must be in alphabetical order (A to Z)
 Microsoft Word

• You can use Microsoft Word to assist with formatting your references.

• Find the tools under ‘REFERENCES’ tab in Microsoft Word.

• Inserting footnotes and endnotes

https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/insert-footnotes-and-
endnotes-61f3fb1a-4717-414c-9a8f-015a5f3ff4cb
 Citation Machines

• Citation machines can help with generating citations

• http://www.citationmachine.net/harvard/cite-a-book/manual
 Tips
• Know your referencing method and prepare formatting first before you
start your assignment.

• Update your reference list often. Do not wait for later as you might
lose access to the reference.

• You can do the sorting of the bibliography according to alphabetical as

you add new info. Students tend to forget about sorting in
alphabetical order.

• Apply the referencing method early. The earlier you get used to it, the
less hassle it would become over time.
 Conclusion
• The most important thing about referencing is consistency.

• Make sure the referencing style is consistent throughout the

paper.

• Use ONLY Harvard referencing.

 References
• http://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/harvard/home
• https://www.soas.ac.uk/ltd/studyskills/helpyourself/file78841.d
ocx
• https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/write-an-equation-o
r-formula-1d01cabc-ceb1-458d-bc70-7f9737722702